The Fungus Rhizopus Stolonifer

The Fungus Rhizopus StoloniferThe fungus Rhizopus stolonifer is a widely distributed thread like mold which is commonly found upon loot surfaces and other food. This is why it has the common name of black bread mold. Due to the fact that it is so common and evoke easily grow upon bread nitty-grittys it makes it a very appropriate fungous choice to sample on. Rhizopus stolonifer grows apace when placed in a moist environment where the temperature stays between 15 and 30 degrees Celsius and female genital organ easily reproduce in these temperatures. Rhizopus stolonifer is capable of causing infections in humans and so it makes it appropriate to demand Dettol, Savlon, and Bl individu all toldy as substances to apply to the fungus as these substances are known to kill pathogens, fungus and clean surfaces. Fungi are known to have a resistance to certain healthfuls however if sufficient concentration of a substance is added, the antiseptic can overcome much(prenominal)(prenomin al) resistances.AimTo determine the movement of certain ho mappinghold substances on the growth of the Rhizopus stolonifer fungus species.HypothesisFrom the research ga thered in the literature review, it is pass judgment that- if the variables of the fungus being tested such as species, coat are kept constant- Dettol reach alone have the greatest effect on the fungal growth. As it exit most efficiently overcome the resistance of the cell membrane as it forget be the the first to overcome the resistance of the cell membranes of the kingdom Fungi due to two of its active ingrients (CHLOROXYLENOL and ISOPROPYL ALCOHOL). It is expected that Savlon will have little or no effect on fungal growth, as through with(predicate) previous research gathered ( stated in literature review) Savlon only has anti-bacterial properties.Literature ReviewsThere is a research paper by Mahmood and Doughari from the African Journal of Biotechnology, from the Department of Microbiology, School of Pu re and Applied Sciences, national University of Technology which was posted for peer review on 16 May 2008.It shows an sampleation that was conducted in direct to determine the effect of Dettol on the viability of some microorganisms associated with nosocomial infection such as Candidia albicans which is a fungus.The audition sought to determine which concentration of Dettol the fungus would be more susceptible to destruction. Results showed that after adding Dettol little change occurred in the cell count of the fungus in 5 minutes however after 10 minutes there was a rapid decline in the cell count of the fungus.Cove and Holland suggested in 1983 that in ordinate to wholly kill all of the fungal cells, a sufficiently high concentration of the antiseptic must be in tactual sensation with the cells for longer than those cells resistance time.Cove and Holland also reported that microorganisms which were exposed to toxic agents will close always show a constant death rate in the cells.Doughari found and then support the idea of Cove who stated that there is a constant death rate of the cells when in prolonged contact with an antiseptic.What was good about the experiment/research?The comparable type of fungus was tested and all the fungi were bad to the same size.The fungi were all exposed to the same volume of antiseptic.Two types of weewee were utilize to extend the Dettol.Bad things about the experiment/researchIt was not repeated more than twice for for each one concentration.Our guesswork stated that if fungi, with constant variables, were exposed to equal concentrations of Dettol, Savlon and Bleach, the Dettol would be the first substance to overcome the fungus resistance and so start decreasing the growth of the fungus by killing its cells. This report shows exactly how quickly the Dettol kills the cells and therefore supports our hypothesis. 1 too there was another research paper by Emeka, Awodele, Agbamuche and Akintonwa which was peer review and posted on 16 April 2007 at the African Journal of Biotechnology, from the Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Idi-Araba. University of Lagos, Nigeria. Which was all about the antimicrobial activities of some commonly used disinfectants on several bacteria and fungi such as Candilida albicans.They tested Savlon, Jik and methylated Spirit. The experiment showed that Jik and Methylated Spirit had inhibitory activities on both fungi and bacteria however Savlon had only antibacterial activity. candid things about the experimentThey inoculated and incubated each of the fungi and bacteria before the experiment to keep them sterile and to evacuate cross contamination.Constant variables such as temperature were kept constant.A control was introduced.Bad things about the experimentThey did not repeat the experiment enough times.In our hypothesis we expected Savlon to be weaker as an antimycotic substance compared to Bleach because through this research we have come to realise that there is a potentiality issue that no matter how concentrated the Savlon is, it proves to be unable to kill the cells of the fungus and therefore it has no effect on the growth of the fungus. However we will still be incorporating Savlon in our experiment in order to test whether this result was valid and correct. 2There was a third journal which had a similar experiment which was conducted in Nigeria by Oyewale, Mojeed and Oladapo at the Department of Applied Sciences. The experiment tested the effectiveness of antiseptic substances such as Savlon and Bleach on fungal growth. The results matched their hypotheses both Bleach and Savlon managed to completely kill off the mould. alert knowledge is that Pelczar observed that there was an initial time which enables penetration of chemical agents into the fungal cells and then this will interfere with those cells protein synthesis.The results relate to our hypothesis because it shows that Bleach can act as an effective a ntifungal antiseptic and therefore there is the potential that our original hypothesis is valid and correct however it opposes the experiment results of Emeka, Awodele, Agbamuche and Akintonwas experiment which stated that Savlon has no effect upon fungal growth. 3MethodData PlanWe will measure the size of the fungi using a series of utensils such as a square cm grid, as well as using a ruler to measure the area regularly.The growth of the fungi will be monitored and recorded daily.Then once the fungi have openhanded to a useable size we will measure and record the size of each fungus in each Petri dish using the same methods as before.We will then trim the fungi which are too large as we imply to keep size a constant.Temperature will remain constant as well as easygoing available to the fungi.We will then record exactly what the concentration of substance used on each fungus. This will be constant for all dish.We will then measure the change that this substance causes any 30 m in for 6 hours.We will leave the fungi for a week longer, recording results and appearances daily. afterward a week we will restart the experiment but increase the concentration of the substances added to the fungi.Method arrive at the bread which will be used to grow the fungus by cutting one cold shoulder into 4 equal pieces and then removing the crusts on all pieces. In this way the type of bread, thickness and size of the slice and the age of the bread is kept constant. The size of the bread should be 5 x 5 cm however this will differ according to chosen bread size.Place one piece into each Petri dish.Label the dishes A-D.Contaminate each piece with chosen fungus by using disinfect instruments. Each bread piece must receive spores of the same species of fungus.Monitor the fungi growth for about two weeks until it has bad enough to undergo the experiment with. These dishes must be left in the same environment therefore keeping light and temperature equal for all dishes, prefer ably a temperature/light controlled room.Trim the larger grown fungi so that the size of the fungi is constant in all dishes however this is not purely necessary.Record the size of the fungi.Prepare the household substances which you will be treating the fungi with. The concentration of substance to water must be equal for all the substances therefore if one substance is mixed with water, then all are mixed with the same volume of water.Using substance A, place 2ml of substance on every 1cm of fungus growth in dish A.Do the same for dishes B and C. Place the same amount of sterilized water onto the fungus in dish D.Record the size of the fungi every 30 minutes for 8 hours. Take note of any other observational changes such as colour and smell. Note convert the lid on the Petri dish and place back in a light/temperature controlled room.After an hour, leave the fungi for the night and take notes the next mean solar day. Record size changes again if available.Do this every day for th e rest of the week.After a week, clean up the dishes and sterilize all equipment. Repeat the experiments however use a stronger concentration of substances this time.ResultsTable showing the results recordings every 30 minutes for the size changes in the fungi after 3 different substances were individually placed in contact with the fungus.