Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts

head for the hillslines for composing the ternion meditate(ip) parts of the publications retrospect ( entre, lit, and treation) honour. Directions Do non acquire typing until you see the take carriage An Overview and Purpose in your template. The Guidelines atomic number 18 create by LECTURES and INSTRUCTIONS. playscriptss and link to trans polish off believeing material argon admit to assist in lifting to individually 1 part of the criticism. W here there is to be writing, there argon specialized Instructions as what is to be accept under each(prenominal) question. Instructions appear in a box. distri set updively instruction is numbered. Respond to ALL NUMBERED INSTRUCTIONS. approach to the publications Insert Your Brief radical before the Colon An Overview and Purpose beat Note This piece is revise with each new submission of a define. The introductory branch should chance upon the result (problem range of view, guiding excog itation, theme or re bet question or problem) that is being go overed. Aim for an eye catching opening strong belief. sometimes this is a dramatic expression of a number to catch the nurtureees attention such as the prevalence of a disease, criminal offence rate, school drop out rate, or sales volume. Be undisputable the topic is foc utilise on the lit that go away be account.Briefly desexualise the get wind concepts. break in these immediately. The topic should be sufficiently foc theatrical roled to license an in-depth, substantial investigation, relevant to an bea of advanced vignette/global leaders that results a range of inquiry, results in an extensive assay of erudite books, and extension of questions for further inquiry. The pop the question of a publications look backward is seted in the inlet. Bourner (1996) reports the by-line Purposes of a writings surveil (reasons for a check up on of the writings) before embarking on a enquiry chuc k.These reasons intromit to mention gaps in the literary kit and boodle to suspend reinventing the wheel (at the truly least this all(a)ow save time and it brook stop you from making the same mistakes as others) to carry on from where others hire al realizey reached ( fall overing the field allows you to build on the platform of active familiarity and ideas) to distinguish other people playing in the same palm (a look intoer net convey is a valuable imaging) to increase your b fileth of familiarity of your subject ara to come upon creative works in your bea to provide the intellectual context for your avow work, enabling you to position your spew relative to other work to identify opposing views to put your work into perspective to demonstrate that you prat access former work in an ara to identify schooling and ideas that whitethorn be relevant to your project to identify flairs that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The enquiry process tetrad steps to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), look for methods Guidance for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). Lon assume Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from princely Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University http//www. ib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/ writings/litrev. html As you attempt to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causative (independent) variables and effects (dependent variables). You whitethorn likewise identify other variables that can be contextual, step in, or mediating (see Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). After you inaugurate the topic area comelyly (instructions follow), you leave develop a succinct one-sentence project of the followup. Three examples of a think purpose recountment in the overview arere returnative 1 The purpose of this retread is to censoriously analyze the speculative and data-based literary works on web-based instruction as an instructional method in o utgo facts of life, with an emphasis on effectiveness studies that focus on instructional effectiveness, schoolchild acquisition outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of course deli real, and to identify areas of approaching profound inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is instructional method of web-based instruction and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student figureing outcomes, retention, and student perceptions. character 2 The purpose of this searing compend of a precedingi and verifiable literary works is to (a) examine historical and genuine belles-lettres to approximate whether gender workplace bias exists (b) explore the move such a bias would consecrate on women in the workplace, specifically women moving up the corporate ladder and, (c) identify any metaphysical or confirmable gaps in the books for the purpose of suggesting approaching areas of donnish inquiry. In this examp le, the causal variable (independent) is gender bias against women in the workplace and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder. role model 3 ( recapitulation carefully) The purpose of this particular analytic thinking of suppositional and experimental lit is explore the influence of nerveal lead and other factors on organizational surgical procedure, in for- moolah and non-for profit service organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are organizational leaders and other factors, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the fiber of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please none in underdeveloped your purpose statement, that the purpose statement embark ons with The purpose of . and concludes with a statement related to identifying future areas of scholarly inquiry. 9 Instructions Writing An Overview and Purpose ( espouse precisely) * reckon Blackboard gathering 5. usance your schooling and faculty comments for streng pasting, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items 1-9 below). *Draft 1 is receivable calendar week 3. criticism gathering 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. utilise the template a. perplex a preliminary title for the Review and include on the title page.The title should include the main concepts and themes (and/or detect theories) for this freshen up. Remember this is a critical analysis of the literature NOT a research strike In no area of this publisher, should you refer to this Review of Literature as a research study b. For the Introduction to the Literature, enfold a brief subtitle foregoing the colon for the level heading ___ Overview and Purpose. 2. Under the Overview and Purpose, introduce the topic with an eye catching opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3. Af ter the eye catching opening sentence, briefly spend a penny out the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme).Get to the point dont let the indorser guess what the revaluation is approximately a few sentences. 4. attached include brief definitions of each of the major concepts and cite references for these definitions in fascinate APA format. BE BRIEF this is not the literature but an introduction to it Anything you give in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the Literature. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. involve as legion(predicate) as possible variables because this will reinforcing stimuluser in constructing a literature re contribute.The typify will show relationships among the variables as you notice here. bug out with the hobby(a) The causal variables (independent are) The effects (dependent/outcome variables are Contextual (inter vening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variables are . 6. address how the topic area was particularize and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to conduct your critical analysis of the literature. Review the Guidelines How to Start Select a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996).Begin with the avocation The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. apologise what you want to enjoy to the highest degree the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review dope Answer). Begin with the following Some questions to be answered through this critical analysis of the literature are 8. Answer the following Is the topic close the problems in a theme or field of study, the processes in a curb or field of study, or the habituates in a field of force or field of study? Processes can refer to various epistemologic processes to develop retireledge (also See Hart, 1999, p. 4). inform this distinctly so the sound outer bonks what you are speaking round. Begin with the following The problem area of is about 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. switch this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note). Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this .. , and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. Organization of the Review, Scope, and Library Research PlanOrganization of the Review Lecture Collect usurp articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the better(p) way to present your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a Literature mapping. This is a bailiwick Map (Concept Map or Mind Map) All students will strike a literature map that will guide the org anization of the review and literature search. Build (draw) a opthalmic picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature map.These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Dont introduce new cultivation or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature map is presented in-depth here. There are numerous methods to steer the review, which often replace as you learn more than than about the topic. Concept affair Representing information in diagram form where key linguistic communication are tie in by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship betwixt the terms. The resulting map shows liaisons between key ideas and can then be read through to clarify relationships between key terms. . Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map is a visual/graphic re founding of concepts, ideas, and themes that deal to guide thinking. In this case, the purpose is to guide the se arch and organizational foundation of your review. This map serves to i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes and if so, what type of relationships iii. assistance in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with new knowledge iv. Guide your literature search plan/ scheme v.Identify subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can communicate your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit to devote convertnatives. It is also analytical and critical, based on what you are finding in the literature. retrospect THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of brain of a marrow map is expound in the following URL web link http//users. edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. Various types of in writing(predicate) or Visual Organizers (review this online.Click each box) (you need to receive the syllabus downloaded and Internet connection on) Chain of Events Clustering Compare/ counterpoint Continuum Cycle Family Tree Fishbone Interaction Outline Problem/Solution spider Storyboard Venn Diagram Source http//www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other Web sites Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers A vertical site review this online by blackguarding link. ttp//edservices. aea7. k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. html http//www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http//www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htmTable1 Free Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http//www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping creative thinkers See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboards Assignments Toolbar See example of literature maps in Assignments Weeks 1-8 Literature Review (Cri tical Analysis) 50%.Within this folder is information on PowerPoint demonstrateation and Student Examples. Most of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts provides a frame for the central topic to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in deductive/Inductive thinking http//www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html3bFor example, a deductive nuzzle cogency start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS A literature map (Figure 1) is employ to guide the library search for theoretic and data-based literature about place learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, using an interaction line style type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of hold education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruction in distance education. . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . . Other organizational Methodologies for Reviews opus RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an opposing view or methodolegitimate approach. This is not expected now. c. The literature map generates an compend for the Review of the Literature Review Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills http//www. und. du/instruct/wst corrects/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS. html http//www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An outline provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the important components of the literatur e review. It provides a visual and conceptual tendency for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the recite they should be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary.IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THAT YOU hold A SECTION ON beatMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. REPORT slightly OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR OUTLINE. Notice in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leaders and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature atom, you would then describe the tools whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, hardihood (quantitative tools), and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. roll a Proquest or Google search such as measurement leadership.This saves you time in the QP and literature in the dissertation where you need to know how your variables soak up been studied and measured. It is best to hold back MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline (Let us allege that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the second part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. leadershiphip Classical, Progressive, venture leaders Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders leaders, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership raise out Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing squads Leading organisational Change organizational Leadership Development Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement organizational mathematical operation Dimensions of organizational Performance organisational Climate Individual Performance Team Performance pr ovider/ trafficker Perspectives Customer Satisfaction fiscal Performance Effectiveness Indicators Performance Driven Organizations skill ModelingManaging Performance 360 course Feedback Collaborative Change organisational Performance Measurement Output (Activities) and termination (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7. . After you design the literature map, stick with the statement A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for hypothetic and falsifiable literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific t ype of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, chain of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organized inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. enclose these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple). . Due for must(prenominal)er 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use abstract APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously addressed (leadership and organizational performance). 6. Insert the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this raillery of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and Context). . excite sure that you develop your literature map in a parcel application that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft enunciate medical studentument containing your news typography publisher. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the required paper margins. c. The Figure and , and Title (Literature Map) b e foresighted at the bottom, centered Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you tighten and organize your literature review in the next section as well as well as in your strait paper.Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review ( eye socket). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a meaningful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and explicit theories, concepts and constructs you wont include ( give ear at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/ individual(a) for-prof it, not for profit service/product types of businesses, types of educational institutions) populations such as young versus old gender cultural groups countries or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are falsifiable studies, review articles (critical analysis), divinatory articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature hebdomadal Abstract in a primary source, Abstract in a unessential source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, organisation documents, and Electronic Media. Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you compose this, wrangle what is and is n ot included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You dont need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focusing in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, explanation, sociology)?include specialized areas within these disciplines, such as gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the geezerhood (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the countries. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and part icularly as your literature expands).Library Research Plan and strategy Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) fronting the Literature A estimable review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographical searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaningfully. Information literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture)The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the using of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library memorial searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to bang the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy I n describe your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be uniform with the Literature map concepts and themes.Focus your search on primary scholarly works including verifiable, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to antecedentitative years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may make an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in build effective search strategies.When visiting the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials It is suggested that you read the abstracts before questing the materials from the Librarian, b ecause certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you make a decision on the materials relevance. comport that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While galore(postnominal) published review articles may have more than snow cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a tokenish of 20 relevant, scholarly course credits in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. founts and Forms of Literature Minimum Requirements i. The gustatory modality is that you review a phase of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a v ariety of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature Give yourself time to read the material do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings Search Strategy worksheet http//library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http//www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http//www. lynn. du/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc 11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Dont discuss what you will do, but rather what you did. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include themes or groups of words used in the search plan. get the terms possibleness or research to your themes when you are searching.You should uses many t hemes to limit the search. Example of a theme for a library search leadership organizational performance research. interpret to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. destine which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed empiric, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were subsidiary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limited.In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature. Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. Provide the titles of the key journals rev iewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? . Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A. 11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and precept for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this pop off part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow.As you read more, you will find more rationale as to wherefore this review is important. Provide a transition sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. and so end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the interchange section. Example of concluding statement As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the harvest-tide in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students.This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1. Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2.Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommenda tions are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature virtually ___ (add your topic) Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write your in-depth Literature Review.You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. Present the theoretical literature (theories, form, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section. If you present the literature fittingly in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you dont, this Review falls apart.Only literature presented in this Review of the Liter ature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the authors verbalize limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your critique of those studies. universal comments The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and compoundd in a more in-depth coherent manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information ertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant. While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to tim e constraints in the course, the expectation is a negligible of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the qualifying paper.It certainly isnt unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your word document, it is okay to talk to yourself. Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to leave a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didnt yet have the chance to review, or o you want to search another theme. Or you read an article, but didnt have a chance yet to write about it jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you persist all information in one place. You will find t his proficiency very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation. The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages neat and not to distracting) Of bound importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is conformable with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be innerly consistent with one another. Instructions follow on how to present CRI TICALLY present, theoretical and empirical literature.FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis This is a literature review, and not your opinion. more or less all of what you say is referenced, except when you are introducing themes and concepts, and critiquing the theoretical or empirical literature (using appropriate criteria which is explained later Reminder Make sure that you beat to ethical responsibilities of providing accurate information and communicate effectively. Include paraphrase attach for information that is word for word from another literature source follow APA for (Author, year, p. x). For information that is paraphrased, reference the source as (Author, year). Whether you are referencing a iterate or paraphrased information, NOTE THE LOCATION OF THE PERIOD. IT IS NOT BEFORE THE PARENTHESES besides AFTER. Do not copy any material that is word for word or paraphrase without citing sources. Limit your quotations. We do not want a summary or copy of the literature. You cannot present a string of quotes. (Quote subsequently quote after quote). IMPORTANT If you paraphrase as you write (it must truly be paraphrasing), cite the (author(s), year. A good way to make sure that you paraphrase is to Read material Move the material away from your eyesight Write out what you recall. Note Paraphrasing is not changing the order of words. Review the Required Information Literacy Tutorial which discusses plagiarism. Review the following URLs about Plagiarism, Student Writing, Citing Sources, and Paraphrasing (IMPORTANT to Review) Plagiarism and Student Writing Paraphrasing, citing sources, use of quotations, plagiarism http//www. ipl. org/div/aplus/linkciting. htm http//depts. washington. edu/psywc/handouts/pdf/plag1. pdf http//www. hamilton. du/academics/resource/wc/usingsources. html REFERENCE list and BIBLIOGRAPHY list o Add the complete bibliographic citation of the article you reviewed to your REFEREN CE list in appropriate APA format. Dont wait until the end when the report is due. This is often one of the worst problems, trying to find references. o REFERENCE list This contains all literature referenced in your paper. o BIBLIOGRAPHY list This contains all literature reviewed, but NOT referenced in your paper. o If you review literature, but dont reference it immediately in your paper, place it on your BIBLIOGRAPHY.If you eventually reference in your paper, all you need to do is to bear and paste from the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, to the REFERENCE list. o Literature reviewed is placed on both the REFERENCE or the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, NOT BOTH Organization of the Review of the Literature There are no sublevel headings given to you in the template. The concepts and themes in your literature map AND THE OUTLINE serve as the basis to organize this section. BE CONSISTENT. Insert for draft 1. o Use your literature map and evolving outline to organize these sublevel headings (subtitles) of the literature review.Remember that the concepts and themes in your literature map are theoretical in nature. Thus, in developing the Review, present the concepts and themes conceptually first followed by empirical studies that support or do not support the theoretical formulations. (see guidelines that follow for presenting theoretical and empirical literature) o Follow the organization that you described. If you alter the organization, concepts and themes in this part of the review, go back to the introduction and make the connatural changes (in the introduction organization, map, and outline). APA Organize in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. Use frequent APA level subheadings to connect main ideas and topics covered in a logical sequence (see APA publication manual for examples, pp. 111-113). The main ideas are concepts and sub-concepts in your literature map. The template for this paper uses fin levels of headings (depicted on APA p. 113). The rationale for five level headings is that you may continue with this Review as your qualifying paper and but more importantly, it may become part of the indorse Chapter of a Dissertation (REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE). See p. 13 of APA First Idea, Theme, or Topic ( sulphur take APA heading, centered italics) First Subconcept or Theme connect to First Idea and Topic (Third take aim APA, Left Italics) Related Subconcept or theme (Fourth Level APA, indent ? inch, italics, lower case, end with period). Related Subconcept or theme. Second Subconcept or Theme Related to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Idea and Topic First Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) An example follows (next page)Example to organize the review for the topic the influence of organizational leadership on organizational performance (organized with appropriate APA level headings), and which follow the topical out line presented in the organization of the review (see Introduction to the Literature). Note there are 4 major themes (centered, italics) to organize this review. In the presentation of the literature review, the first two themes (Leadership and Organizational Performance) would contain rich system. Who developed the theories, when? how are the concepts in the theories defined?What are the propositions in the theories (statements of relationships), and have propositions in the theories been tested in empirical studies. (See presentation of theoretical literature and internal and external criticism) The second two themes Factors Influencing Organizational Performance and Leadership and Performance of Organizations would primarily focus on empirical studies that test the propositions in theories. (See presentation of empirical literature Leadership Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equit y Issues in Leadership PracticeCultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership Development Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational climate. Individual performance. Team performance. Supplier/vendor perspectives. Customer satisfaction. Financial performance. Effectiveness indicators. Performance Driven Organizations Competency modeling. Managing performance. 360 degree feedback. Collaborative change. Organizational Performance Measurement Output (activities) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations.Output (activities) measures in service and product organizations. Outcome (results) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Outcome (results) measures in service and product organizations. Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational culture, and Organizational effectiveness IMPORTANT Presenting theoretical literature and empirical literature following these guidelines.THIS IS AN ABSOLUTE must(prenominal) to understand and apply General Comments Literature reported in the Introduction of this critical analysis (should be very little), but ANY LITERATURE DISCUSSED IN THE INTRODUCTION must also be discussed here in the Review of the Literature in depth, and linked with the appropriate concept (subtitle). Present clearly to let the reader know if you are presenting a possibleness about something (theoretical literature) or a study about something (empirical literature, empirical study, research study). When you dont use the term study about, it is mainly assumed that you are speaking of someones possibility. The critical analysis review distinguishes between an authors theorizing or suggesting (authors interpretations) versus authors research findings ( interrogatory theories). Always introduce the type of literature you are reporting such as theoretical literature, empirical literature. For empirical literature, specify the type of study. This information is usually found in the abstract of the article. For empirical literature introduce as i. semiempirical Quantitative, Qualitative, compound ii. Empirical Methodological iii. Empirical Experimental, non-experimental case study, historical, etc. v. Empirical Descriptive, exploratory, predictive, explanatory, insurance coverage surmisal-based Literature (IMPORTANT) Kerlinger (1973) presented a helpful definition of a hypothesis that has withstood time. A hypothesis is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts, definitions and propositions) that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among the variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phen omena. Immanuel Kant provided this famous quote Experience without theory is blind but theory without experience is continent intellectual play http//www. oop. uvic. ca/ArwrCoop/stuprepoverheads/1_Orientation/tsld003. htm Criteria that can be used to evaluate theories including theoretical frameworks, conceptual models or conceptual frameworks may be organized into internal and external criticism. a. versed Criticism (of theories) 1. Semantics (Meaning or definition given to the elements such as concepts, constructs, variables) Semantics evaluates Clarity, Consistency, Correspondence between theoretical and operational definitions, and intersubjectivity (which is whether similar meanings are used by other scholars). . Syntax ( licit Structure and Relationships surrounded by the Elements) 1. What are the types of statements (propositions)? laws, postulates, theorems, principles, hypotheses, assumptions, empirical generalizations 2. What are the types of relationships Time ordere d, probabilities, conditional, causal, or concurrent? 3. What are the signs of the relationships? position inverse (negative) 4. Note It is the propositions that are tested in theories, reformulated as hypotheses. 3.Method of Theory Development (What is the method used in theory create 1. institution (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction synthesis Logical empirical approach) 2. Patterns Is there a schematic model depicting the relationships between the concepts? If not, can you diagram the pattern of relationships between the key concepts? 3. Level of theory development What kinds of outcomes are produced from the theory (knowledge, principles, solutions, problems)? a.Conceptual framework (definitions only), model (shows relationships between the concepts), and/or a theory (well developed propositions, well linked together, with evidence of empirical support? ) b. Is it Descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, predictive, pr escriptive b. External Criticism of a Theory 1. hearty Significance 1. Value to society theory addresses essential issues in the discipline 2. Lends itself to further research 3. Efficacy of the theory over another in achieving desired outcomes 2. friendly Utility 1.Pragmatic Adequacy Is it useful? Does it contribute to understanding? Does it generate new knowledge, provide direction to in professional work out, research, education (pertinent to your topic)? 2. Scope Is it narrow or broad? What is the degree of generality or abstractness and how does this affect is usefulness (pertinent to your topic)? 3. complexness/Parsimony 1. Does it explanation and interrelated many variables? 2. Could a simpler theory achieve the same purpose (parsimonious)? 4. dissimilarity 1. throne the theory be applied to more than one discipline, or is it eccentric to one discipline? . If it is borrowed from another discipline, are boundary lines demarcated? (example a variety of disciplines use sys tems theory) 5. Empirical Validity 1. Does empirical evidence support the theory? Cite some studies. (Is there congruence between theoretical claims and empirical evidence? ) 2. Do results indicate confirmation, verification, support corroboration, or disconfirmation, failure to support the theory? 6. Social Congruence 1. Does the theory fit with reality? 2. Is it veritable by society? a.When you are reporting theoretical literature, select criteria from the internal and external critical approaches to adequately address your description. Present theories systematically YOU MUST DO THIS FOR ALL THEORETICAL LITERATURE. 1. First provide a good description of what the author stated about the theory, model, framework, construct or concept. Example 1. Introduce the title of the book(s) or theoretical article(s) in your own words which describes the theory (not studies). Next 2. Begin with the internal critical analysis a.Report the major concepts and constructs and how these are defined by the author (Semantics) b. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. c. Does the author explain how was the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach) d. Explain how patterns of relationships between the concepts are explained Is there a schematic/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts? . Secondly, report what the theoriser (or other authors) stated about the External critical review Social Significance (important), Complexity/Parsimony-simple, Discrimination, Empirical Validity (important) and Social Congruence. It is extremely important that you indicate what the author said about empirical validity Do they report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations? When presenting classic or recent theories pertinent to your topic, you may certainly describe the theory, but also descr ibe the work do to test those theories. 2.Finally, you may provide your critique comments to the above ie what needfully to be built in the theory? Determine if you can compactly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved? Can you see the linkages between the theory, practice, and research? Does this help to understand a passably common student question How do we use these models and theories in practice? Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions.Reporting Empirical Studies (Critical ) Review the Instructions (you should be familiar with the information based on your critique consult the worksheets for questions) Reporting methodological studies, you may follow the empirical approach. But focus on the method being proposed what method is being targeted? Is it a design? A different sampling approach? Is it a method to measure concepts? Introduce the study title (in your own words), the purpose, and present as above. Reporting Case studies may include use of prior data, or secondary analysis of data for a new study.It may also include a angiotensin converting enzyme subject or single organization if a case study. You may follow the above empirical approach is presenting but be quite clear in presenting whether the authors are using someone elses data or their own or a single subject or organizational design. Reporting Review Articles (Critical Analysis of the Literature, or Meta-analysis). First Describe what the author said Introduce the title (in your own words). Describe the purpose of the review and its scope, including the library research plan used to obtain the literature.What sources of information were used (literature, observations)? Present the results, conclusions and future areas of inquiry needed (example future studies) as reported by the author. Secondly, discuss your critique of the arti cle. Note Meta-Analyses conduct statistical analysis of other studies (analysis of analyses) General Pointers Important Note It is so critical for you to get in the habit, very early on in this process, of presenting theoretical and empirical literature appropriately and systematically.If you do, you will find it easy to develop a nice state of the art of the literature, formulate interpretations, identify important gaps, develop conclusions, and generate recommendations for future study (which is presented in the Discussion section of this report). That is your path toward successfully complementary this course, moving on toward a successful qualifying paper (whether or not you stay with the topic), and understanding the dissertation. If you dont present the literature systematically and appropriately, the review falls apart and cant be completed. So, plan ahead, follow directions, and you will find your path to success Generally, related articles and research findings should be p resented together (under the appropriate sublevel heading). o Report areas of organization and disagreement. o Only a little space should be used to report minor studies. As possible, group together minor studies that have similar results, methodologies, strengths and/or weaknesses. Major empirical studies or seminal writings (theories). It is appropriate to present major studies or seminal writings one by one in more detail. As you write, you will need to integrate and synthesize the results in some logical manner. You dont need to report everything that you read When reading and evaluating the research studies for possible inclusion in your review, determine the relevance, worth and significance of studies to your topic. While you initially identified some topic, theme, or point that you wanted to develop, you may find that a new or different theme is evolving not initially considered. This may be a reformulation of your topic. If you have questions if this arises, contact th e instructor. The review should contain clean recent work (post 1995, and preferably 2000+). While older information can be relevant, the review should aim to provide current knowledge (a state of the art review). Remember you need to have the most recent literature if it is to be state of the art. o You will find that there are classic studies or theoretical papers repetitively cited in the literature. These are the classic (or seminal) examples of literature in the field. While you would certainly want to refer to these in your review, it would be redundantand probably irrelevantfor you to review them. It is generally permissible to use secondary sources for some Seminal Literature.Remember that if you do not read the original (primary source) article/theory, but rather you are reporting what someone else says, it is found in a secondary source (use appropriate APA referencing format, as cited in). There should be a limited number of secondary sources in your report. As you wri te the Review, you will see that you are generating ideas for the Discussion section- next part (Interpretations, Conclusions and Recommendations). You can jump to the Discussion as you have further understanding the literature. Do it concurrently while writing this part. You will see that you are summarizing, analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review. You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature and preparing to generate your discussion of conclusions and recommendations A good review of the literature is more than plainly a summary of the research. It is both a critical evaluation of the existing research and a synthesis of that work. You will need to synthesize the literature in some logical manner. This is a skill that develops with practice.As you write things down, review it to see if you are integrating, evaluating, and synthesizing. Are you identifying opposing views, contradictory findings, and gaps in the literature (what questions are being suggested)? Are you bringing clarity to the issues? These will be clearly presented in the Discussion of the analysis, so lay the foundation in this part of the review. You will see that you are summarizing, but also analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review.You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature 5 big Instructions on Writing the Review of the Literature About 1. Organization (APA and Level Headings for the Outline) a. Add the topic to the title of this section, Review of the LiteratureAbout b. Organize the Review of the Literature according to your literature map and topical outline. Use APA level headings to organize the review in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. c. Present related theo retical literature and research findings together. d. Organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature ask to be highly evident . The first draft (week 3), at the minimum should contain 1a and b above, and some literature presented as possible. Draft 2 should have this part of the paper nearly complete. 1. Content and Quality of Theoretical Literature IMPORTANT Present the theoretical literature systematically and appropriately. Follow these steps responding to a-d a. Introduce the name or title of the theory, model, framework, construct. Do this for each major theory, construct, or concept in your topical outline (sublevel headings). b. Internal critical analysis (what the author(s) say) 1.For each theory, name the major concepts and constructs that organize the theory, and provide the definitions by the author (Semantics) 2. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. 3. Report if the author of the theory provides a schemati c/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts. 4. Optional How does the author explain the way the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach c.External critical analysis report what the theorist (or other authors) state about theory Review Lecture notes on these items 1. Social Significance (importance) 2. Social Utility 3. Complexity/Parsimony 4. Discrimination 5. Empirical Validity (Do the author(s) report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations) 6. Social Congruence d. Provide Your critique comments to the above What needs to be strengthened in the theory? Determine if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved?How are linkages between the theory, practice, and research described in the literature? Does this help to understand a fairly common student question How do we use the se models and theories in practice? Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions about the quality of the theory. INSTRUCTIONS ALSO CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Example Combining 2a, b, c and d (presenting theoretical literature)In 1984, Jones introduced his seminal theory of ______________ (based on his qualitative, phenomenological studies about___ (as cited in metalworker, 2004). This theory identifies 3 major constructs ____________ defined as ___. The major propositions in this theory are ________ (as cited in Smith, 2004). In the last 20 years, the theory has been revised and adapted to ___ by ____. Several empirical studies by ___, led to refinement in the theory. Brown (2000) developed a schematic model depicting these direct and indirect relationships among concepts, which continues to be examined straight off (Smith, 2004).This theory is socially significant addressing essential issues about ___ in the discipline of ___, and is useful in explaining, predicting, and discriminating among those with ___ and those without ___. Thus it is a well-developed guide to ___. The theory has a good balance between simplicity and complexity, contributing to its usefulness. Studies by __ verify the propositions of __. The major proposition with interlockinging results in empirical studies is ___. The theory has been adapted to ___ situations and __ populations. This is the predominant theory used to examine ____ with well-developed propositions and strong empirical support.Competing theories are ___ (cite reference). You would then present these competing theories next.. 3. Content and Quality of Empirical Literature IMPORTANT Presents the empirical literature (including scientific investigations, case studies, methodological studies, secondary analyses, meta-analyses) systematically and appropriately, following these guidelines )) a. Introduce the study title (paraphrased in your own words and the general design (in one sentence) b. Explain the purpose of the study is .And link with paraphrased research questions and hypotheses (these can be abbreviated or paraphrased not word for word be brief) c. Discuss the quality of the literature review presented by the author and the theories and concepts (or propositions) tested (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed and experimental, or not experimental design) d. Be explicit in reporting the specific research design for the qualitative, quantitative, or mixed study) and o Non-Experimental descriptive, exploratory (cross-sectional, longitudinal, predictive, etc) o Type of Experimental including type of design. . Describe the sampling method (whether or not it was probability or non-probability sampling), the specific type of sampling, the sample size and characteristics of the sample. f. Present the methods of data collection (how were each of the variables are measured-instrumentation), and p rovide reports of reliability and validity of quantitative the tools/measures and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. This is very important, as you will begin to see how the concepts of interest, are measured. Be fairly explicit in describing these tools. Include the names of these data collection tools. g.Other procedures (data collection procedures and ethical considerations) h. Present the results study findings (including hypotheses supported/not-supported), research questions answered? Dont restate these word for word present in an abbreviated or paraphrased manner. i. Very important is to present the authors (not your) Discussion. The discussion must include the authors important o Interpretations o Implications (applications for practice) o Conclusions o Limitations o Recommendations (of farthermost importance, are the authors recommendations for future areas of inquiry, example future studies).Include this j. Discuss your critique of the article (Introduction, Literat ure/Theory, Methods, Results, Discussion). Select IMPORTANT POINTS. Based on your summarizing the article, you can now identify strengths and weakness, and areas needing improvement. You can do this as you describe the study or at the end of your description of the study. Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major studies) so that readers have enough information to weigh the results and draw their own Remember that the critical analysis of the literature is not a mere summary (descriptive). onclusions. It is interpretive and evaluative of an area of inquiry of scholarly work. INSTRUCTIONS CONTINUED Example follows USE YOUR CRITIQUE WORKSHEETS AS AN AID IN DEVELOPING THE display FOR EACH OF THE STUDIES. Example Presenting Empirical Literature Combining 3a -j above Smith (2004) conducted a study about .. He used a non-experimental, causal comparative, quantitative design, of __ (sample-population). Smiths literature review was thorough, current and ___ in comparing and contrasting theories about ____.Empirical studies of ___ were examined, leading to the major gap and conflict in the literature about_________. This resulted in Smiths study testing the proposition of .. developed in 1998 by Jones (as cited in Smith, 2004). A non-prob