Bullying Essay

Since the hands of time school determent has been a problem in the school system, recently adding a new socio-e find offomic class due to the advances of technology, innovations that challenge the whole infrastructure of educational purpose. Precomputers and cell ph wholenesss, deterrence could only be classified as somatogenic or psychologically abuse on some one(a) that could only be inflicted by organization to face contact. Now in now technology age forms a new vogue of browbeat with issue materially being in the corresponding room or regular banging the individual.Bullying use to constitute of bodily beating or embarrassment same putting a kid in the garbage toilet barely technology, created to further put up the mind, became other(prenominal) distraction for the mind because bullyrag can be through with(p) from a distance you dont even have to be in the same state or even know the psyche which makes it more difficult on the victim. Every pro has a con and in this case a major one, this method of browbeat may be more traumatizing so I leave alone compare and secernate the two types of bullying.This paper will make you decide what side is worsened and will show you the comparison alone after reading you should necessitate to put a stop to bullying. First, lets start with forcible bullying because of the fact it was the maiden form of it. In past years, bullying consisted on the size and popularity of someone being less than the so called quiet crowd. As time progress formed the mental aspect of bullying, which I feel is more detrimental. My mind is the actual driving for my body that controls our way of living, lower the self-esteem of an individual actually hurts more than any tangible blow you could muster up.The progression of using the mental aspect of bullying became more popular because shaverren subconsciously know what hurt more and give on it. Cyber bulling is usually done by someone who is jealous of another an d wants to embarrass them this form is for the most expose used in high school. pecker embarrassing pictures or videos on social network is common practice this is so impressive because everyone has a Facebook or twitter in todays society so more eyes see it reservation it harder for the victim to over sum up it.Secondly, although physiological bullying is very harmful its also less abusive than cyber bullying because of a number of reasons first off, with fleshly bullying you know of your actual bully enforcing the problem. With that information you could eventually take a stand and take of the problem yourself or demand for assistance from your guidance teacher or someone with authority. Also physical bullying and physiological bullying pretechnology didnt in my opinion bl depot too long. The time frame didnt last long because forrader the bully usually bullied multiple people kind of taking the crush off of you faster than just one individual.All emotions have a time limit in which time could only heal, so physical and mental wounds healed faster pretechnology than it do today. Traditional bullying has to be stopped because some kids are afraid to go to school because of the physical bullying this consist of taking lunch money, tripping or pushing in the hall or into lockers, knocking barelys down to cause embarrassment even teasing people because of their weight or clothes is a form of conventional bullying and believe it or not traditional bullying affects the rates of students not graduating because they are fed up and cant take it no more so they drop out of school.Finally, the most interesting fact of traditional bullying is why they do it. Statistics say most people who bully people have or are being bullied in their spirit. This interesting because if a person knows how that makes another human feel why they would force the hurt and miserable life on others. Bullies also bully because of problems at home like child abuse so they take it out on other peers. speech pattern can also cause people to bully because they so modify up with anger and having no one to talk to the result to bullying. forcible bullying is not only in schools it also at jobs to but no matter where you can find it at it needs to be a stop to it because it makes people miserable. Basically all traditional bullying problems are within the bully it has to do with their emotion they release on others. Physical bullying is more painful and life threating then cyber bullying and it also builds a sense a fear because they know the actual person bullying them, this can have a tremendous affect in people life because it lowers self-esteem.These are reason why traditional bullying is clam up affective if authorities use this to get to the tush of bullying it can be decreased or even voided but being that our world is so advanced the bullying we should be brainsick about is cyber bullying which is more common because of technology. Cyber bullying h as taken external some of the toughness of bullying because now you could do it from miles or even country spans past.Technology really up the antics making it more removed-flung than ever, with cell remembers, tablets, and lap top along with the allegiance of social networking a rumor spread like a virus in its effect. A simple text became a new viral experiment that went handle once adolescent got their hands on it. Same agenda chasing popularity and fame, but lost the ability to challenge someone face to face is one of the scariest evolvements of technology. Now you, in most cases, dont even know whos bullying you making it harder to pin point the problem in which it started.Cyber bullying is still a form of bullying but its just the mental aspect either way the victim still feels the pain. Internet bullying causes low self-esteem, emotion distress, and total embarrassment where as traditional bullying can cause emotional problems but is mostly physical pain more of the punc hing and physical contact end. Cyber bullying will get worse before it get better, new policies are in place but do little to change the outcome which come to the conclusion that cyber is nowhere near its peak.Internet bullying has taken away from the physical aspect but the emotional aspect of cyber bullying is far worse. Since technology is the face of the world so cyber bullying is so mightily rumors, gossips, and pictures can be uploaded on the web in seconds. There is some(prenominal) reports some are local about high schools uploading a sensitive picture of a girl on Facebook or sending to phone to phone in high school and this can lead to unworthy emotions or dropping out of school do to humiliation.Even bigger all over the news a Rutgers University student committed self-destruction because of cyber bullying. He was secretly filmed kissing another male and his roommate puts the video on twitter with the caption just found out my roommate is gay. This was obviously someth ing the student wasnt ready to recount the world so with built up emotions he jumped off the George upper-case letter Bridge. Clementi death bought national and international issue to cyber bullying and the struggles its facing. exclusively it shouldnt take death of a student to realize the head of cyber bullying its pros and cons to both types of bullying I just feel cyber bullying is worse because of the generation we live in today and technology is so powerful in seconds the world can see what someone uploaded on the web. Finally, the most important fact of cyber bullying is the reason why they do it because it can be ended if we address it. These reason differ from physical bullying because it to diametrical types of bullying.Cyber bullying comes from people who are jealous of your modus vivendi and want to ruin it because their life isnt as well as yours. Cyber bullying is also triggered by peer pressure they want to be cool and do what everyone else is doing but maybe if p eople put themselves in the victim shoes they wouldnt do it. The most common one is from teenagers and their peers they take cyber bullying as a joke or for fun and they also think they will earn respect but who would or should respect anybody who lessens someone as a person.No matter what end of the bullying your child is on, you need to make sure that you are doing your part to prevent and stop this because bullying is a serious matter. Even though the two types of bullying have pros and cons the different types of bullying cause different types of insecurities to others but they all are tremendous and all are major and its up to peers, adults, and society to stop bullying. Bullying builds character like nuclear waste creates superheroes. Its a rare occurrence and lots does much more damage than endowment.

Literature, Translation Essay

Indian Literature and literary conjecture The correspond section is an cause to define a category Indian Literature, so that virtuoso gutter conjure up a vision of Indian books which has grow more and more relevant during 21th century. 1. 1 An idea of Indian publications Indian constitution begets us esteems liberty, e property and fraternity. These set atomic descend 18 Indian literary values, because publications is highly valued writing. In separate words we provoke say Indian constitution is one although indite for the Indian people who speak different Indian actors keys.Likewise Indian lit is one although written in the different Indian languages because their value governances and consequently value judgements atomic number 18 one. In addition, if there is one particular(prenominal) Indian constitution for every(prenominal) Indians then why non Indian belles-lettres? 1. 2 Indian Literary Theory Indians must direct our declare customs duty frontmos t and provide to get word its useful theories to amend literary roll in the hayt over as wholesome as literary domains. We should likewise try out the westerly or distant literary disapproval and try to accept whatever is useful as per our polish pattern. Chapter II NativismIndian Critical DiscourseIn this chapter an set about has been make to study, analyze and task the origin and stimulatement of Indian Nativism in literature. 2. Towards nativistic Literary Theory i)A number of approaches to the study of Indian Literature are in course today the Marxist, the feminist, the Orientalist, the Postcompound, the subaltern, to mention a few. Their common drawback is their inability to see that the speculation of the nativism is the key to this thought. The basic insight of the opening of nativism is simple enough. Nativism is zippo still if asserting ones knowledge native civilisation.At the said(prenominal) time it tries to augment the tradition and change it into current coin and sort breaks it satisfying to the present age. However, innovation requires the get marriedion of western ideas yet one should adopt them provided on his own shapes, on condition that they could be co-ordinated within an Indian intellectual frame clip. ii)One of the consequences of this adoption of western literary theories was the issue of sophisticated Indian Literary surmisal. scarce one should be aware(predicate) of the fact that the contact with the west produced two distinct writing style of literary theory. One is literary theory in India and the early(a) is Indian Literary theory.What distinguishes the two is their respective intellectual framework. Literary theory in India does non confound an Indian intellectual framework. It is primarily a clay of western literary theory to be applicable to India. Some Indians adopted them unneurotic with their western intellectual framework. The Indian Marxists, Neo-Marxists and subaltern theoreti cians were (and still are) the skilled practioners of this genre of literary theory. They used (and still use) the western intellectual framework depending on convenience, scarce not an Indian framework, in their attempt to modernize Indian literary theory.iii)Indian literary theory by contrast is a body of ideas that includes Indian ideas as well as select nativised Western ideas, both(prenominal) set in a recognizably Indian intellectual framework. Aanand Coomarswamy, Rabindranath Tagore, Sri Aurobindo, among early(a)s produced literary theory of this sort. But Bhalchandra Nemade is the nigh prominent theorist and his prominence is payable to his theory of Nativism. He is not afraid of adopting original Western ideas (i. e. Ralf Lintons nativist Movements from Anthoropology) if he feels that their adoption is demand for Indias innovation.At the standardised time, he is careful to fall out intact the genius of our civilization. What he wants to keep intact is what is trul y original to the Indian way of thinking. And the theory of Nativism for sure is part of it. iv)At present, one finds an unusual proliferation of Indian practical criticism without the necessary native theory of literature. The attempts to westernize or to Sanskritize Indian literary theory into a single system also proved to be inadequate. in that respect is a great problem, which needs to be looked into in order to understand the precise nature of the crisis in Indian criticism.That problem relates neither to the sanskritic tradition of poetics nor to western literary thought. It relates to literary theory in the modern Indian languages. v)In order to evolve a native literary theory ground on our national genius, culture and traditions, Bhalachandra Nemade, a poet-Novelist critic, advanced the positive terminal figure Nativism to start a nationwide literary movement emphasizing Indias many regional languages and cultures, a movement hardly now organism widely recognized and c hallenged.The concept of Nativism has its affinities with the idealogy expounded by two Mahatmas Phule and Gandhi, both present danger to the greater Anglo-Sanskritic tradition by introducing a different system of moral concern which emphasizes truth and threatened to alter the basic characteristics of Indian Society by making its heathen periphery its center. Nemade, successfully, advanced the term nativism, mold by de cardinalized impulse quite an than centralized one and advocated indomitable literary values tradition, Indian modernity, new pietism, verbal action, truth, language of the people and nativisation.vi)Nativism in Indian literature is not anti-migrant like Ameri back end Nativism because it is not spirt of ethnic identity that seeks to exclude those who are not members of the local or indigenous ethnic groups from residing and/or working in a territory because they are not native to the country or region. But Nativism is reactionary and progressive form of indi genism whose agenda can be summed up as an urge for cultural self respect and autonomy. It is nothing alone the freeing of Indian literature from alien models and creating the opportunity to make it stand on its own.vii)Nativism is not atavism those who have a longing to go back into the ancestral past are called regressive. Shivsena and Maharashtra Navnirman Sena are atavistic because of their chauvinistic and outdated views. viii)Thus, nativism is a value term. It stands for the writers limpidity of vision about his place in his society and culture it stands for rise understanding of things in their proper eyeshot and it stands for the writers reason of responsibility as an adult to forge in the smithy of his head the uncreated conscience of his race.ix) Hence, the term nativism needs to be exhibited in the glossary of literary footing as well as in all the tired English dictionaries. Chapter III Indian nativist Literary Values Therefore, in this chapter an attempt has be en made to discuss Indian nativist Literary values. 3. Nativistic Literary Values i) Tradition Nativism locates non-vedic and oral tradition as the most significant creative upsurge of the Indian mind not only for the merit of ideas and insights it can offer provided for its place in the crop of acquiring Indian sensibility.Nemade is the first important literary critic to familiarise nativism which has the stage setting of a living desi (native) tradition inherited from the Satyashodhak (seekers of truth) movement started by Phule. Each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which whitenedthorn be called its mortal wthusly we should cultivate the habit of looking within and be majestic of our Indian culture and institutions in the right spirit. Consequently, we must rule out the colonial and brahmnical literary canons as being the only authentic literature. ii) Indian ModernityIndian modernity is a culture specific strain of history. In India modernism came to be r ecognized as synonymous to westernization, thus it is not only great insult to India but also betrays unrefined ignorance of sociological science. Modernity cannot and should not be transplanted it must be shaped according to past traditions and present circumstances. We should create our own modernity that suits our past heritage and have Indian growth. The real strength of Indian modernity will be tried on our indomitable desi (native) values.Any attempt to be different from the western models which is a sign of originality also whitethorn lead to a new native tradition. iii) New Morality Nemades dichotomy old and new morality, being purely sociological, is a paradigm of Phules distinction between true and false morality as expounded in The Universal Religion of Truth. Nemade advanced a modern literary value New Morality, to set a very high aid on the morality of the writer. Nemade believes that the existence of the refreshfulist implies community and his group consciousn ess.The writer has to utilize his own scale of values, which are base on the original tender values. Since literature is an art form the writer must imply a plane, a condition that goes beyond hearty values. True morality, for Gandhi New morality for Nemade consists not in next(a) the beaten track, but in purpose out the true path for ourselves and fearlessly chase it. iv) Verbal meet Indian nativism articulates itself gradually done reason. A nativist selects the theme as a verbal action with a specific moral angle in the context of the multi-faceted relation between the someone and the community.And in safekeeping with the action oriented theme, he organizes the novel through the medium of language. The novel be scrams, then, the vehicle of thought. v) Truth Nativism shows a strong inclination towards realism and social realness, which has been inherited from Jotirao Phules The Universal Religion of Truth from his writing we can discern quite clearly that he equates truth with reality. Truth has certain inevitable and determinable consequences for nativistic literary theory that it affords to judge literature in terms of its relationship to the world instead than in terms of inherent aesthetic criteria.At the heart of nativism lies a commitment to collectivised humanism. Truth as a form of Indian social reality is not a simplistic as the western idea but it has Indian social ramifications from Buddha to Gandhi, hence nativism outwardly follows the Sartreian concept of freedom but inwardly emphasizes the Gandhian concept of absolute and relative truth which lies in the acceptance of the need for a corrective figure out of experimentation with our own experience. Nativism emphasizes Indian hungers equality, modernity and spirituality, as absolute as well as relative truth.vi) Languge of the people Nativism emphasizes the language of the people in the production of culture and priviledges the language and culture of the common folk as opposed to that of the elect(ip)s, hence Buddha preferred Pali, Mahaveera Ardhamagadhi, Basaveshwara Kannada, Dnyaneshwara and Chakradhara Marathi and so on. Nemades nativistic anti-English attitude is Gandhian, which draws our attention to the central literary process in the Indian languages which are deeply grow in the life of the people with the tradition of two thousand historic period. vii) NativisationNativism does not mean to suggest that we should be blind to the experience of other nations and develop a kind of narrow nationalism but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be properly nativised. The texture of a spirited society is strengthened by nativization of abstract and concrete influences impinging from outside. In short, if we believe that nativisation is a value system explicit in theory and practice of Indian literature we should initiate a process of lively reconsideration of our existing culture material and prac tice it with confidence.Chapter IV Nativism in Indian Literature An attempt has been made in the earlier chapters to give a detailed survey of Nativism in Marathi Literature and hints for certain comparative degree stu glide bys, particularly, with reference to the nativistic literary values. This work is one of the first attempts towards the creation of a Nativistic model for the study of Indian Literatures their interrelations and independence, their proximities and distances, their differences in quality and quantity. This study will develop a model of multilingual, multi-literature history of Indian Literature.The efficacy of this model will be examined in future not only by the votaries of multi language literatures but also by the historians of literary complexes, particularly in multi lingual countries. In this chapter, the study focuses its inquires into Nativism in Indian literature in the selected Indian languages. The period covered in the present study is much longer since 1960 upto the date i. e. nearly 47 years and the literatures in the following languages approved by Sahitya Akademi have been considered for the purpose 1 Assamese 12 Manipuri 2 Bengali 13Marathi 3 Bodo 14 Nepali 4 Dogri 15 Oriya 5 Gujarati 16 Punjabi 6 Hindi 17 Rajasthani 7 Kannada 18 Santhali 8 Kashmiri 19 Sindhi 9 Konkani 20 Tamil 10 Maithili 21 Telugu 11 Malayalam 22 Urdu question skills, regularitys & methodology In the present study I have honorable the said skill set, extensively. Alongwith these investigate skills, I have used the following research methods 1) Textual analysis 2) Discourse analysis 3) Questionnaire method. 4) Interview 5) ICT based method.6) Creative writing as a research method. 7) Quantitative method Moreover the methods have been informed by background research into the context of the cultural artifact under scrutiny, the context of its production, its content and its consumption. In this process I have consulted, mainly, original sources for the purpose. Lastly the methods are relied on Nativistic perspective or methodology. Thus, in the light of nativistic theory, a study of nativism has been carried out in the subsequent sections and chapters.In the present study, within research specific contexts, interview data and questionnaire has been treated both as alternative and as topic but where to put the emphasis depends on the individual research context. In the present study an attempt will be made to identify whether the concept of Nativism like all other similar artifact is valid for all Indian literatures in their respected languages.4. Nativism in Indian literature Outcome of the Study of Questionnaire and Interviews i)Indian literature, though written in many languages, it has been observed that different regional literatures, i.e. Bhasha literatures, cherish and nourish nativism in different degrees.These literatures display a firmer hold on nativism and all these literatures though not entirely free from the lures of literary modernism, present greater number of literary works with a splendid knowingness of native tradition. ii)The strains of nativism are seen in all the Indian languages and literatures but they do not form the main pelt. However, Nativism has become a dynamic counter-literary movement in Indian Literature. subsequentlywards 1960s, many of the better literary works in Indian literature came from Nativistic writers. iii) As can be expect, Nativism suffered apathy and neglect of the literary establishments as well as stiff opposition from the established elite writers because Nativistic theory is the very reverse of elitist. Elitist represents particular sort of cultural breeding, Anglo-Brahmin in particular. When new kinds of students entered in higher education from supposedly uncultivable backgrounds, Nativistic theory helped them to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a genteel sensibility.Consequently, Nativism expected literature itself to be an ordinary kind of language right away available to everyone. Thus, Nativistic theory is shaped by a representative impulse. As a result, the major literarya movements (currents) have been a part of the Nativistic movements. They are Dalit, Gramin (rural), Aadivasi (tribal), feminist, muslim and so on. iv)One of the most important developments in Indian literature since 1960s in all the languages has perhaps been the breakdown of the colonial voice, a unifying concern that despite its varieties of articulation characterized theliterature that just preceded the 1960s.v)All the languages had certain father figures represented by specific concerns, conventions and forms characterized by Nativism. vi)The writers, in all the languages, were well aware of the indigenous traditions that were rich in situations, characters, symbols, motifs and archetypes that could well serve as a sourse of metaphors for the conflicts of modern life. vii)These writers raised basic theoretical questi ons, examined paradigm shifts and interrogated the set canons. viii)Indian literature, in all the languages, deals witha)impact of colonialism, b)the legacy of Indian literatute in the post colonial context, c)the continuities and discontinuities of colonial and post colonial Indian literature, d)the practical means of decolonization, e)modernism as a cultural pastiche, f)formal innovations intone with the Nativistic concerns and contents, g)development of Dalit literature and poetics of its own subaltern literary theory, As a direct recitation of nativistic line of criticism, we have observed Nativism as a little theory only in two languages Kannada and Gujarati.Therefore, in this section, an attempt has been made to evaluate Nativism as a particular theory in Kannada and Gujarati literature. Chapter V Nativistic Readings The present chapter aims to provide practical criticism vis-a-vis Nativism in Indian literature. It also provides a basic introduction to the Nativistic de tailed-interpretive perspective that a reader beginning a serious study may bring to bear on literature. This chapter simply demonstrates Nativism as a critical tool, what we call approach, hence it is suggestive rather than exhaustive.Its not definitive but it can suggest the possibilities in literature and literary criticism. Chapter VI Nativistic Pedagogic Practices In this chapter our aim has been to present an objective and comprehensive picture of a nativistic approach in teaching method literature. Here, we have attempt to establish links between the nativistic approach and teaching methods. We have avoided personal evaluation, preferring to let the method speak for itself and allow readers to make their own appraisals.This study is not intended to popularize or promote nativistic approach only, nor is it an attempt to train instructors in the use of the methods described because teaching literature, as Elaine Showalter said, is not brain surgery, no one will die if we ma ke a mistake about Dryden (2003IX). Rather, it is designed to give the teacher an introduction to less commonly used method and set of literary canons by which to critically read, observe, analyse and question any literary work of art. Chapter VII Conclusions ChallengesGanesh Devi (199713) warns that Desivad in literary criticism must carefully maintain itself against becoming a militant and closed ideology. It must bring to its practitioners a sense of self-discipline and self-search. Since the world has been shrinking as cultural quadrangle and since the exchanges between cultures have increased, Indian literary critics should think of the intellectual calling between the West and India which has been becoming increasingly unilateral. It should be multi-lateral in the following ways i) In India we have an ancient wisdom alongwith a stream of knowledge that has flown from the west.The confrontation between these two has brought both illumination as well as a sense of bewilderme nt. What is now needed is a methodology to disseminate this new wisdom. The exploration of new methodologies is the aim of all the research activities that is being carried out in this project. ii) We have to grasp the sensation that springs out of the harmony and confrontation of the sciences and the arts, the classical and the folk, the indigenous and the extraneous, the occidental and the oriental person and the great and the little traditions.iii) We must also strive to express this awareness in Indian languages, as it is only such awareness which finds face in ones own language that is useful. iv) Translation, explication, interpretation and criticism are some of the ways in which the new awarensss could be created. v)It is a challenge for the writers to make use of the native resources and adopt them for the expression of modern consciousness. vi)The use of nativistic theory requires re-interpretation for the present cultural movement.vii)John Oliver Perry (200029) argues th at Criticism of literary texts and even non-literary ones rarely nowadays limits its purview to purely verbal material, i. e. , written or oral tests, but extends its concerns to and from issues, places, perspectives in the wider world. So criticis in India is not merely from or for India, and it is not necessarily directly about India. But it is always at least implicityly a criticism of India. To that extent it contributes beyond the literary scene to the capacity of Indians to think about themselves, their culture and society, their future as well as their past.According to Perry (200045) Nativism supports regional culture rather than merely attacks the widening use and power of Indian English or of globalization. So, Nativism would seem to be potentially a prime movement opposing hegemonization and/or homogenization of Indias multicultural diversity. viii)The greatest impediment for Nativism is the problems that come of being, or being accused of being, narrowly provincial, and traditional. But the diversity among regional writers is not found, in Indian context regarding nativistic attitude.However, Nativism is not amenable to national organization, but it sometimes ijis allied or confused with those policy-making forces seeking not merely to loosen the bounds of the federal central government to the different states (usually organized within regional language boundries) but also to contain or restratin nationalism itself, which suggests a direct round down on the highly influential Hindutva movement (Perry, 200046). Nativism and globalization Globalization, in literature, is appreciating the class of desi (native) contents, themes, techniques, styles, literariness etc.of different regions, countries in their individual contexts. An open minded judgement of a literary work as it is, in its own context, is what is expected in true globalization. The global literary theory can only be shaped by a decentralized impulse rather than a centralized one. Th is is what is the most positive way to emancipate literary works from the strangehold of a narrow nationalism and throw them open to a kind of analysis in which anyone could participate. The texture of a vibrant society, literature and culture could be strengthened by the multicultural participation and appreciation.It has been argued that the books can be exportable-importable commodities, not the literary values. Each nation has its unique culture and civilization, which may be called its soul. However, it does not mean that we should be blind to the experiences of the other nations and develop a kind of narrow nationalism but it expects that the borrowed elements should be thoughtfully chosen and some of them should be properly nativised. In other words, globalization, in literature, is nativisation and vice-versa.Therefore, instead of talking glibly of internationalism and scoffing at nativism one should be in a position to decide 1. which foreign elements need to be imported or borrowed and nativised, and 2. which native elements need to be exported or introduced and globalized. As a direct example of nativistic line of criticism we may look at the western critical concepts modernism, post-modernism, realism, existentialism, Marxism, structuralism, deconstructionalism, feminism etc. which have been mechanically applied to Indian situation. These concepts could have been nativised after synthesis between these two worlds.Consider, for instance, feminism. In fact feminism is a global and revolutionally idealogy. However, there is an English, American, French and/or drear feminism, still it is global. hence why can there not be an Indian feminism. The inexorable women unite together under the banner of womanism which denies even the vocabulary of the white race. It was this non-vedik tradition pleaded for equal and common human rights for women and men. It may therefore be assumed that India is culturally mature enough to manipulate the new ideas to its advantage.The Indian feminism could be strengthened by the nativisation of French, English, American and/or Black Feminism. The process of nativisation makes us aware of the fact that our native elements must be exported or introduced and globalised. This is not simply give-and-take policy or export-import market place logic if looked into the matter of book industry, leaving aside the literary values Nativism does believe that globalization is a value system in Indian Literature, hence need to export and globalize Indian creative and critical literature in order to stop the unilateralintellectual transaction and encourage the multilateral traffic between India and the rest of the world. Thus, one can follow nativisation and globalization, Globalizing Indian literature is easily possible only through global language, and without doubt, the Indians must accept that English is the worlds first truly global language. Therefore, the only way to globalize Indian literature in general, and nativism in particular, would be to translate into English.Thus, from the outset, Gandhis mission was global, hence preferred translations and like Gandhi, Nemade, the father of Indian Nativism, recommends a well-planned programme of translations from the regional languages into English and vice-versa. English education has made us all psychogenic translators in varius measures of efficiency.

Greek Mythology: The Muses

Greek Mythology The reverberates Sister Goddesses, The Muses, were in charge of the world of Literature, Art, and Society. The cardinal Daughters of Zeus and Mnemosyne they gave inspiration to artist, writers and other artistically sacrificeed people. The Nine Muses piss been inspiring artists since the antiquity and in that respect countless paintings, drawings, designs, poems and statues dedicated to them. All artists of the conversion acknowledged their importance in artistic creation, dedicating their works to the Muses. 1 The number of Muses varies everywhere time.At first only one Muse was spoken of but subsequent poets mention three Melete (Practice, Study), Mneme (Memory), and Aoede (Song). They were nymphs in Pieria, which is found in western Thrace, and their passion was brought to Mount Helicon in Boeotia by the Aloads. Eventually it became accepted that there were nine muses Calliope, Clio, Erato, Euterpe, Melpomene, Polyhymnia, dance, Thalia, and Urania. The Mus e Clio discovered history and guitar. History was named Clio in the antique years, because it refers to Kleos the Greek word for the heroic acts.Clio was unceasingly represented with a clarion in the right arm and a book in the left hand. Muse Euterpe discovered several practice of medicineal instruments, courses and dialectic. She was always envisioned safekeeping a flute, while many instruments were always around her. Muse Thalia was the protector of comedy she discovered comedy, geometry, architectural science and agriculture. She was also protector of Symposiums. She was always depicted property a theatrical comedy mask. opposite word from Thalia, Muse Melpomene was the protector of Tragedy she invented tragedy, rhetoric speech and Melos.She was depicted holding a tragedy mask and usually bearing a bat. Terpsichore was the protector of dance she invented dances, the harp and education. She was called Terpsichore because she was enjoying and having fun with dancing ( Ter po in Greek refers to be amused). She was depicted wearing laurels on her head, holding a harp and dancing. Muse Erato was the protector of Love and Love poesy as well as wedding. Her name comes from the Greek word physical attraction that refers to the feeling of falling in do.She was depicted holding a lyre and love arrows and acquiesces. Muse Polymnia was the protector of the divine hymns and mimic art she invented geometry and grammar. She was depicted tone up to the Sky, holding a lyre. Muse Ourania was the protector of the celestial objects and stars she invented astronomy. She was always depicted bearing stars, a celestial sphere and a bow compass. Muse Calliope was the superior Muse. She was accompanying kings and princes in order to recruit justice and serenity. She was the protector of heroic poems and rhetoric art.According to the myth, Homer asks from Calliope to root on him while writing Iliad and Odyssey, and, thus, Calliope is depicted holding laurels in one ha nd and the two Homeric poems in the other hand. The ancient writer Hesiod said of them, They ar all of one mind, their hearts ar garnish upon song and their spirit is free from cargon. He is happy whom the Muses love. For though a man has sorrow and grief in his soul, yet when the handmaiden of the Muses sings, at once he forgets his dark thoughts and remembers not his troubles.Such is the holy authorize of the Muses to men. 2 The Myth The Muses are all of one mind, their hearts are set upon song and their spirit is free from care. He is happy whom the Muses love. For though a man has sorrow and grief in his soul, yet when the servant of the Muses sings, at once he forgets his dark thoughts and remembers not his troubles. Such is the holy gift of the Muses to men. Hesiod3 Ancient Greek legend tells us that Pegasus often wandered, gibeping to assuagement on Mt. Olympus.One day, when his hoofs touched the ground on Mount Helicon, four consecrate springs of wet formed and fro m these springs the Muses (goddesses of inspiration) were born. The Muses were the nine beautiful chosen goddesses that reigned over the plentiful arts and sciences, especially music, poetry, and all of the visual arts. Athena caught and tamed the fantastic Pegasus and kindly presented him to the Muses. One day the muses began to sing on Mt. Helicon. The mountain, so fill with ecstasy, it rose to the heavens until Pegasus, under Poseidons command, kicked his hoof, stopping the mountains upward progress.A fountain of water gushed forth called the Fountain of Hippocrene. The fountain was sacrosanct to the Muses and is believed to be the source of music and poetic inspiration. According to legend, the birth of both wine and art occurred when Pegasus hooves unleashed the sacred spring of the Muses. 4 Norns 5 The Goddesses of Destiny In Norse mythology, the Norns are the demi-goddesses of destiny. They control the destinies of both gods and men, as well as the unchanging laws of the c osmos.They are represented as three sisters Urd (fate), Verdandi (necessity) and Skuld (being). They operate at the base of the World Tree Yggdrasil in the realm of Asgard. vigour lasts forever, and even the mighty Yggdrasil is subject to decay. The Norns try to stop this process, or at least slow it d proclaim, by pouring foul up and water from the Well of Fate over its branches. This magical liquid stop the rotting process for the time being. In other myths, the Norns were thought to give assistance at birth, and that each person has his own personal Norn. 6

The atmosphere in which the modern business organization

The atmosphere in which the modern business organization operates is somewhatthing which cig arette change in no time at solely. In canvas Fortune Magazines about Admired Companies from 2007, and in retrospect, 1987, some interesting facts emerge. First, the two lists are compared as follows2007 19871. popular Electric General Motors 2. Starbucks Exxon 3. Toyota Motor Ford 4. Berkshire Hathaway IBM 5. Southwest Airlines Mobil 6. FedEx General Electric 7. Apple ATT 8. Google Texaco 9. Johnson & Johnson Dupont 10. watch over & Gamble ChevronThese two lists are characterized by a few common elements first, the issue of profitability is something that is universal in the lists, even sight they are separated by a decade of time. The companies that are in the lists, upon further research, are all companies which, while non constant, have been bankable overall. In fact, some of these companies, such(prenominal) as Ford and Exxon, have travel upon hard times occasionally, and thei r positive position in the mind of the general has allowed them to recover from some major catastrophes, such as Fords plant closings and Exxons Valdez disaster, which almost destroyed the union. Interestingly, in the 2007 list, a wise type of company, Starbucks appears. It can be said that the company is divergent because much of what they sell is image, and not the tangibles offered by automotive manufacturers as a quick example.How much of the evaluation is dominated by the profitability of the company?In the present day evaluations, profitability of the company, of course is a depict element as it has always been however, the companies of today are evaluated more so on net income after taxes as a percentage of sales for a few key reasons. First, some of the companies that are rated as sneak companies are those which offer non-durable products such as Starbucks, for which a measure such as return on assets is not the best evaluative tool.How many of these companies current ly on the Most Admired list also appear on Fortunes current list of The 100 Best Companies to consummation For?As a matter of fact, three of the companies currently on the Most Admired list also appear on Fortunes current list of The 100 Best Companies to Work For specifically, the companies are Google, Johnson & Johnson and Starbucks. ground on this finding, there are several possible theories for the relationship amid companies being ranked on both lists simultaneously. Obviously, companies that are among the best to toy for will generate a level of admiration. Moreover, it is also likely that companies that are so admired will attract the kinds of talented and qualified populate as employees who would be likely to speak well of companies. Conversely, companies that are not good to work for are unlikely to be admired.ConclusionIn conclusion, what can be seen in comparing popular companies from present and away is that some firms have great longevity, some do not, but all ach ieve greatness at one time or another.

Good afternoon friends Essay

The depicted object of Vicki L. Sears Grace push aside be seen in the relationship that develops between two of the characters, Billie Jim and Paul. Billie is an orphan who forms along with his sister and is follow by Paul and his wife. Billie displays a desire to trust and accept their tonic parents while sister remains suspicious. Vickie Sears illustrate that although children suffer abuse and neglect, thither is hope that they can learn to trust and build self-esteem. Billie Jim is a smooth child who relies on his sister to protect him.Paul and his wife list to get them but Billie is hiding in a tree to lead from some of the bigger boys. His sister steps in and fights the older boys to get Billie down. She describes him as a sissy. Billie has to use the bathroom, but instead of request their new parents he pinches his sister. Paul takes him to the restroom and his sisters concern gives us an judgement into prior abuse and possible reasons for Billie Jims reserved behavior .Although Paul would never hurt Billie Jim intentionally at the prohibit of the legend he does. His finale non only means an end to their relationship, but also an end to their secure home and protection. Billie loses the starring role along with the friend he has made, and is back into his uncertain life led by corrupt adults. The Lesson by Toni Cade Bambara is when Toni attended college and come of age as a writer.Bambara was at the nous of radical politics, the feminist movement, and African American culture in Harlem when it was the 60s. Her writing uncovers the differences forced onAfrican Americans of that time which America avoided and could not interfere. The story is a window for the reader into Bambaras reality as much as it is a lesson for the immature woman Sylvia the main character.The Lesson is a first person narrative told by a young, poor, black young woman growing up in Harlem in an undetermined time stream known as Back in the days when everyone was old and stunned or young and foolish, Sugar and I were the only ones just reform. Going by the prices some can accept it was sometime in the early seventies.The story is about a trip started by a local woman, who is the only educated person in the neighborhood and has taken it upon herself to uncover the unthankful children of the neighborhood to the world outside of their worried community. The finis stop is FAO Schwartz in Manhattan, where the toys of white children cost more than all of the childrens household yearly incomes combined and the lesson is almost lost on the children. The story closes by making plans to spend the left over cab coiffure change they stole from Miss Moore.At the last second Sylvia turns on her friend and goes off alone to think of the events of the day. The storys theme focuses on education and the need for education as the results of knowledge. It proves how learning can lead to grief but that the grief is necessary for helpful change. The causation also s tudies different types of pride and purposes of leadership and the various ways pot show respect or disrespect for each other. Underlying the inbuilt story is the concept of economic difference between whites and blacks in the get together States.

Nvq Level 2 229

Sampled By IV Initials get wordd teasing Record Issue No 1 Issue Date 01/02/11 Page 1 of 2 Approved By N Parr ref I12-1 panorama induce Niccola Taylor Date of Activity Award Title / train Level 2 try Ref No Targeted Unit(s) 4222-229 Questioning to endure standards YES Unit *Learning solvent and Criteria Questions to be asked 229 1. 2 Where are the extort sites on the body? 1. What factors talent put the jumble at pretend of breakdown? 1. 4 How sight incorrect moving and handling techniques constitute damage to the jumble? 1. 5 What interventions squeeze out reduce the risk of skin breakdown and pres genuine sores? 1. 6 What changes to an individuals skin chassis must be account? Responses to Questions Asked Unit/Learning Outcome and Criteria 1. 2 Pres certain sites usually amount on bony areas of the body, such as the tailbone, back, buttocks, backOf the head, elbows, heels, hips, and shoulders. 1. If they have been sitti ng/ dissimulation down in the aforementioned(prenominal) present for too long and havent had squeeze relief, having dry skin and poor diet can also put the skin at risk of breakdown. 1. 4 ill-advised moving and handling techniques can socio-economic class skin to tear or bruise. 1. 5 Make sure in that location not in the same position for too, long make sure they have regular pressure relief , when there sitting/ fable down make sure its on pressure buffer or matters. 1. 6 Dry, cracked, redness, injure or any colour change. Name Initials Signature Date Candidate Assessor Witness Nvq Level 2 229 Sampled By IV Initials Dated Questioning Record Issue No 1 Issue Date 01/02/11 Page 1 of 2 Approved By N Parr Ref I12-1 Candidate Name Niccola Taylor Date of Activity Award Title / Level Level 2 Evidence Ref No Targeted Unit(s) 4222-229 Questioning to support standards YES Unit *Learning Outcome and Criteria Questions to be asked 229 1. 2 Where are the pressure sites on the body? 1. What factors might put the skin at risk of breakdown? 1. 4 How can incorrect moving and handling techniques cause damage to the skin? 1. 5 What interventions can reduce the risk of skin breakdown and pressure sores? 1. 6 What changes to an individuals skin condition must be reported? Responses to Questions Asked Unit/Learning Outcome and Criteria 1. 2 Pressure sites usually occur on bony areas of the body, such as the tailbone, back, buttocks, backOf the head, elbows, heels, hips, and shoulders. 1. If they have been sitting/lying down in the same position for too long and havent had pressure relief, having dry skin and poor diet can also put the skin at risk of breakdown. 1. 4 Incorrect moving and handling techniques can course skin to tear or bruise. 1. 5 Make sure there not in the same position for too, long make sure they have regular pressure relief , when there sitting/lying down make sure its on pressure cushion or ma tters. 1. 6 Dry, cracked, redness, bruising or any colour change. Name Initials Signature Date Candidate Assessor Witness

Story About My Life

My advert is Fajita Streaks. I was born and raised in the beautiful city of monkeys called Loopier, which fit(p) in Thailand and was part of the Asia. I was born on October 19, 1993. 1 am a senior at Palatability High School. I am a good school-age child with a 3. 6 grade power point average. I am so proud to say that I am a hard disciplineing and dedicated student. Eve always throw my best In everything that l. Eve done academically. I am non the type of person who gets put up to a big argufy and backs down.When I look at this picture of myself, I realize how much Ive grown and hanged, not only physically, but also mentally as a person In the last couple of years. Im thinking just about enrolling In Faculty of Liberal Arts at Clang-Mall university which Is my best university ever. It has a good reputation with very qualified Instructors. And Im sure that If I were a Clang-Mall University student, It will prepare me to ramp up It appoint to become a shoot attendant. I bel ieve a great amount of effort, patience, and practice to Clang-Mall university and myself rouse get what I want to be. The surface I think I am like most young and modern Tall women I take school seriously, I mother dreams and goals for the future that I am determined to make happen, and I dont expect anyone to do the hard work for me. But there is only one thing that I heap tell you who I am and how different I am. I am not kind of person who giving up everything easily. I come about most of my time with lots of book. If I want something badly, Ill will do everything to get it. I can say that Some people have a natural ability to do anything and master it, So do l.I have proven that I am a good worker by putting my effort into everything I do and excel in my daily routine. In order to be a good student you must not let opportunities slip by. I plan to make my college education a well rounded and broadening one that try forfully will allow me to explore both my academic and li beral liberal arts interests so that wherever the future takes me I will have a solid foundation upon which to build my dream career. At last, I hope I am right for your Faculty of Liberal Arts and your university.

‘Of Mice and Men’ by john Steinbeck and ‘The Withered Arm’ by Thomas Hardy Essay

Points of comparison amongst Of Mice and overworkforce by john Steinbeck and The wizen ramifi roamion by Thomas bodacious. Include social and diachronic context, delimitateting, plot, characters, theme and language. The Wi in that locationd girdle pen by Thomas Hardy and Of Mice and workforce written by John Steinbeck have many an(prenominal) differences in their social and historical rachisground plainly similarities can be weighn between the two. Of Mice and Men is dance orchestra in Soledad, atomic number 20 during the Statess great depression in the 1930s. Transport was genuinely different wherefore, most people travelled approximately on foot or by horseback. There were busses solely rattling few of them and if you were a correspond of bindle stiffs alike(p) George and Lennie you never got a profuse ride or taken to where you wanted to go. A train were ready(prenominal) scarce for people like George and Lennie hiding in boxcars and riding for unload was much(prenominal) common. As it was during the great depression many businesses went bankrupt and many people lost their line of credits.This was the reason that many people, including George and Lennie, travelled around so much looking for work. Work was mostly prime on enkindles and ranches nonwithstanding repair was rightfully sm both-minded. Wages were $50 per month with food and adaptation included. However the accommodation was in truth basic, they were communal bunkhouses so George and Lennie and any nonp beil else had modest privacy. Jobs on the ranch werent that glamorous either, barley bucking was the most common then there were skinners, stable bucks and swappers. There were few employwork forcet rights and no romp security because as soon as a job was sunk workers were more(prenominal)over dropped and had to move on to commence early(a) jobs in other blots. Even through all the work there was plenty of entertainment. clean and gambling were genuinel y popular, any chance they had to play a gimpy of horse shoes or a game of cards they would more than likely always have a bet on each(prenominal) game.When they had enough money they would go into the topical anaesthetic t de effr for a duplicate of drinks in cat houses. Punishment for any crime committed was severe, merely there was no real legality. It was normal for however anyone to take the law in to their own hands, as shown in the humbug when Lennie killed Curleys married woman and Curley went out to shoot Lennie and it wouldnt matter, Im gonna get him. Im going for my shotgun. Ill kill the big son-of-a-bitch myself The withered outgrowth is set in holmstoke in Wessex in the mid 1800s. Holmstoke is a very isolated little village and is only joined to Anglebury, a skinny township, by a cart track. Transport back then was however more primitive than in Of Mice and Men. People mostly travelled by foot and by horse and cart along smirch tracks, as there were no proper roads. Pretty much everyone was dig class as the only jobs really available were on utmostms and land. dairy f fort and animal commonwealth was very popular.The farms were owned by wealthier farmers that employed the local people to do the farming and dairy work. The wages were 37p per week, which just like in Of Mice and Men is very little. The women did the milking in the dairies and cider making and the men did the harvesting, just like in Of Mice and Men, cropping and wood caterpillar trackting alone just like in Of Mice and Men there was little job security and hardly any employment rights. Entertainment was still a big part of peoples lives. The farmers had house gatherings and until now back in the 1800s drinking was still popular as in Of Mice and Men. Local bands were often booked for traditional dances and festivals. They celebrated Christmas with little plays from house to house. You could in addition go and see a hanging when there was one and purchase a part of the rope utilise. Punishments for even little crimes like theft could be punishable by death. There were well-nigh no legal rights for anyone in the labouring class and if u were just theme to be guilty of a crime you could still be hanged for it and you werent given a chance to prove yourself innocent.The prospects for these two stories ar quite similar even though both be set in different countries and years obscure. In Of Mice and Men a romance of the place is clearly described. It is set on a rural farm that bucks barley. The local town is Soledad where the men found some of their entertainment. Steinbeck answers the setting go bad very bare and lonely(a)(prenominal) and portrays the thought that the farm is cut off and very much on its own very well. The valley is described well and is described as open and free, On one side of the river the golden foot hill slopes curve up to the substantial and rocky Gabilian Mountains, but on the valley side the wate r is lie with trees. There is a brush in this tarradiddle, which Steinbeck mentions clearly, The sycamore leaves turned up their silversides, the brown, dry leaves on the ground scudded a few feet. Farming is a big part in each legend as well, even though the farms themselves are different, the different types of coun listensides are both described well by each other in their own well. In The Withered sleeve a clear description of its setting is also given.This story is also set in and around farmland but this farm is a dairy farm unlike the one in Of Mice and Men. The setting in this story however is much greener with more of a typical English countryside. It is set just outside of Holmstoke and is surrounded by Egdon Heath, which is described as barren moorland, their course lay apart from the others to a lonely spot high above the water-meads and not far from the border of Egdon Heath, whose dark countenance was visible in the distance. This makes the place sound very cut off and lonely just as in Of Mice and Men. In The Withered Arm dairy farming dominates and is the main way of working and living just like in Of Mice and Men where crop farming is the main way of working and living. In each of the stories there are similarities in the plots. In Of Mice and Men Lennie and George are two incomers to the farm where the story is based. They are workers that travel around to find work in different places and to gat some money. They arrive just down the road from the farm as the bus compelr refuses to drive them any further.They are there to work as barley buckers which is somewhat much the lowest rank of worker. Their welcome to the farm from the other workers wasnt that pleasant because to them Lennie and George were just other pair of passers by. When they first arrived all they got was a The boss was expectin you last dark The other workers were a bit re jellable well-nigh George and Lennie because normally men travel around on their own so they thought there was something suspicious going off between them, say-what you sellin? In Of Mice and Men Curleys hand gets broken. Curley provokes Lennie and starts smasher him, Lennie is really very gentle but he grabs hold of Curleys hand and squeezes it until he ends up breaking every bone, Looks to me like ever bone in his han is bust. withal in both stories there is an unhappy marriage. In Of Mice and Men the unhappy marriage is the marriage of Curley and his married woman.Shes thought of so little that she isnt even given a name. She tells Lennie how she only hook up with Curley on the rebound to get away from her mother, Well, I wasnt gonna arrest no place where I couldnt get nowhere or make something of myself, an where they stole your letters. So I married Curley. Met him out to the riverside Dance Palace that same night Curley doesnt seem to pay that much attention to her or care somewhat her, as he doesnt hesitate to go to the cat house in town with all the guys and leave her on her own. In The Withered Arm the incomer in this story is Gertrude. She enters the story as husbandman blames new wife. Unlike Lennie and George, Gertrude enters the story at the top of the social outperform. However, like George and Lennie she also doesnt run into the friendliest of welcomes and all the villages are very curious about her on her arrival, Well, did you see her? . In The Withered Arm there is also an spot but this one is very different to the one in Of Mice and Men.This injury has a strange, paranormal meaning to it as the dream Rhoda had about hitting Gertrudes arm mysteriously comes true when a hand mark appears on her arm and it starts to wither, She uncovered her unexpended arm, and their outline confronted Rhodas discern as the exact original of the limb she had beheld and seized in her dream. In this story there is also an unhappy marriage of Gertrude and granger Lodge. At the beginning of the story they seem like a happy couple in deligh t in but he only really sees her as is pretty girl to go on his arm, you must expect to be stared at just at first, my pretty Gertrude. When Gertrude becomes marked and her arm begins to wither, sodbuster Lodge begins to loose interest.As Gertrude becomes imperfect the marriage begins to fall apart, six-spot years off marriage and only a few months of honor The female characters in both stories have many differences through how they live but some similarities can be made between the three. In Of Mice and Men the female character is Curleys wife. She is described as unexampled and pretty but she hates the conduct shes got with Curley on the farm. She had dreams of living a life a luxury and being put it the pitchers, Well a show come through, an I met one of the actors. He says I could go with that show . Women were pretty much at the bottom of the social scale compared to men so Curley toughened her like she belonged to him, Steinbeck show this in the story by not giving her a name and just referring to her as Curleys wife. Curley goes off in to town with the other guys in to the cat house without giving his wife any consideration. In The Withered Arm there are two female characters, Gertrude Lodge and Rhoda Brook. Rhoda is a milkmaid on Farmer Lodges farm and just like Curleys wife has been treated badly by a man.Rhoda had once bin the sports fan of Farmer Lodge and accidentally got pregnant, because of this Farmer Lodge ended it and left over(p) her to tot up their son on her own with no help. He tries to ignore her and his own son and tries to pretend he doesnt really know who they are. When he sees his son he discards him as just another(prenominal) villager, I think he lives with his mother a mile or two off the way Rhoda was treated by Farmer Lodge shows that she was just being used and treated like an object and not properly respected like she should be, this is just like how Curley treated his wife in Of Mice and Men. Gertrude Lodge is Fa rmer Lodges new wife. He is very proud of her in a way at the beginning because she is small and beautiful. However all this does change, when Gertrudes arm begins wither and she become imperfect, Farmer Lodge slowly begins to loose interest. In this way she is also treated badly by a man like Curleys wife and Rhoda Brook were.Farmer Lodge got to think very little of Gertrude, as she never gave him a child along with her disfigurement, he grew to not love her just because of they way she looked. In both stories all the women were treated very unfairly by men and can relate to one another by how badly they were treated by men. Each stories has different themes but the two main themes in these stories are knowledge and loneliness. In Of Mice and Men, Candy, Crooks and Curleys wife are the three main lonely ones. These three are considered at the bottom of the social scale. Candy is lonely because he is old and only has one hand, Crooks is lonely because he also has a disability and he is black and black people werent thought of very highly because of the colour of their skin and Curleys wife is lonely because she is female and women were considered to be second class to men, she is only seen as Curleys wife and not her own individual person.All three are lonely because theyre all different or have a disability in some way. The idea of loneliness is also uttered through the things Steinbeck writes about. When George is in the bunkhouse playing cards, his solitaire hand is mentioned, solitaire a game played on your own so this shows Georges loneliness. Also the local town is called Soledad and sole is also expressing the loneliness of the story. The main and strongest knowledge in Of Mice and Men is the friendship of Lennie and George. When the Great Depression hit America men travelled around on their own looking for work but Lennie and George travel together. George and Lennie have been friends for years and Lennie is simple so ask looking after, George is t he one to do this, he looks after Lennie the best he can and cares for him.From some of things George says you can tell that he does care about him. Jesus Christ, youre a crazy bastard is said in a kind of sarcastic way and shows that George does like Lennie and cares for him but trys not to show it. In The Withered Arm Gertrude is the lonely one. She is lonely because she has come into the story and enters Holmstoke as a complete fantastical and doesnt know anyone. She finds herself very much alone after her arm starts to wither and her husband beings to loose interest in her and ignore her. on the nose like Candy and Crooks in Of Mice of Men one of the reasons she feels loneliness is because of a disability or injury. The main friendship in The Withered Arm is the friendship of Rhoda and Gertrude. This friendship is very different to the one of Lennie and George in Of Mice and Men.At first Rhoda didnt like Gertrude just because she married Farmer Lodge and then Rhoda has her str ange dream. When Rhoda meets Gertrude she sees how nice she is and then she finds out about Gertrudes withering arm and realises its because of her dream and Rhoda feels guilty. Unlike Lennie and Georges friendship being based on care and love this friendship is partly based on Rhodas guilt over disliking Gertrude in the first place. In both stories speech pattern and imbibe are used by each writer to give you a more hard-nosed view on each of the characters and the stories. In Of Mice and Men the slang and dialect used could be quite hard to understand. In 1930s California the speech is a very old American accent.Steinbeck used this in his story to convey a more realistic picture of the characters and how they spoke. She slang her pups last night, said slim, simply heart that she gave birth last night to her new puppies. Cause I can jus as well go away, George, an live in a cave , Simply nitty-gritty of course, I can just go away and live in a cave. Well take um into Soled ad an get um fixed up , all um means is him, and the d is misses off of and. Using the actually dialect and slang makes the story sound more real and to try and give you more of an idea about what each character is like. In The Withered Arm Hardy also uses slang and dialect to bring his characters to life and make them sound more realistic through the way they speak. Nineteenth century Wessex has a very different dialect to Of Mice and Men. He do bring his bride home tomorrow , almost doesnt make sense but it just mean that he will bring his bride home. Ah- tis all a-scram , just means that it is all shrivelled up. The dialect in this story also has completely different word for things like chimmer means bedroom and fancied means imagined. Hardy uses all this language to make his story and characters more believable and to give the effect of the place its set in. Out of these two stories I preferred Of Mice and Men by john Steinbeck.I think that this story has more of a reigning death than The Withered Arm. I think that Of Mice and Men is more realistic than The Withered Arm because in The Withered Arm the ending is all tied up neatly and really thats not like real life. Where as in Of Mice and Men it just ends and is left open like it can carry on, just like life really is. Curley and Carlson looked after them. And Carlson said, Now what the hell ya suppose is eatin them two guys? . I think that Of Mice and Men has a more interesting plot that keeps your interpretation till the end unlike The Withered Arm that I found got a bit boring.

Agrarian Reform: a Struggle for Social Justice

The piece entitled agrarian purify A Struggle for Social Justice aims to give the current emplacement of rural restore in the Philippines. It in like manner aims to provide the struggle of Filipinos for brotherly justice in the implementation of the umbrella Agrarian Reform chopine (CARP). This paper aims to explain why land reform is slow here(predicate) in our country. This will also try to shed light on what agrarian reform is and will give the clear and precise all-encompassing Agrarian Reform Law. Furthermore, this paper will also tackle the issues involving the equity of social justice in the agrarian reform. A part of this paper is also given for the land conversions and other ways to circumvent CARP.OutlineI. invention & Objectives A. Specific objectives II. Background Information A. Comprehensive Agrarian Reform course of study (CARP) in the Philippines 1. History 2. Definition 3. Purpose B. Social Justice in the Philippines 1. History 2. Definition 3. Purpose III. Analysis & Discussion A. Issues on the agrarian reform implementation in the Philippines B. Reasons for the slow implementation of agrarian reform C. Land Conversions and other ways to circumvent CARP IV.Conclusion V. References Cornista, L. B. (1987). The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform computer programme An Analysis of its Policies and Processes. Laguna University of the Philippines.Lopez, A. P. (2003). Batas The uncompleted Historic Mandate, Quezon city DAR.Sebucao, J. T. (1995). The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as critically viewed by the DAR officials and beneficiaries its economic and educational contribution.Annotated Bibliography1. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program an synopsis of its policies and processesThis book provides information about the policies and processes of the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program.2. Batas The Uncompleted Historic MandateThis book is about Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program in the Philippines and provides in formation on the history of land reforms in our country. This also provides information on the government policies regarding land reform in our country.3. The Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) as critically viewed by the DAR officials and beneficiariesThis book provides the analysis of DAR officials and beneficiaries on what the Comprehensive Agrarian Reform Program (CARP) is.

Bedside table development evaluation Essay

It is important for surveyors to convey to their lymph node whether members of the public, builder or contractors in general proper care in establishing the variables that testament repair any given picture. Time upon reflecting these variables and the implications that screwing bring to a project indigence to be carefully reviewed, whether from a traditional procurement channel or form example a design and build method. In reviewing these factors is it feasible to determine the germane(predicate) specifics whether to cashier a dampicular structure?As unused grammatical grammatical constructions with poor trainmanship gouge too ca habituate snagging problems or greater issues after practical completion. Therefore a written record of what has to be done in form of a pre-condition storey is to be completed to ascertain all factors whether to rein press out, finished each refurbishment or to demolish. Of course other variables much(prenominal) as the clients costs architectural plan and end user use moldiness all be taken unto account, the current clime of environmental and snow paper footprint issues continue to be an ever enforcing element with construction.Only when such a report is commissioned wad it determine that the edifice is statutory defective can the final decision of a make to be torn d knowledge can be decided. This can also be called a dilapidation report. In evaluating the varied mechanisms by which builds are deemed to pass refurbishments is the valid reason to unsure that such a pre-condition report is submitted to the relevant parties to see much persists are involve to re-instate the build whether to its professional form or improvements to current make regulation standards.An example of how the regime is assaying to explore refurbishments activity into existing dwellings was the introduction of the Home retard Reports (HCR) in 2004 which formed part of the Housing Act 2004. It is intended to attention t hat of the general public placing their property on the market for inspectors to create a pre-condition report for those prospective buyers. This would enable those buyers to identity areas with dwelling or wholeness portfolio item to in more than one ways to fit into the whole- invigoration wheel of a building.Put in lay mans terms what works ask to be done (if any). The report itself was in 4 parts as identified in table 1 below. What is important is that the judicature is seen to work towards improving the large stock of dwellings with in the United Kingdom (UK) that need to be graded into push ratings and of which accordingly people can through builder and contractors a corresponding to start upgrade or enhance their own homes whether for resale or for their own purpose i. e.to reduce bills by adding a nonher story on insulation in spite of appearance the attic. Adding a greater life foil to elements within the building through whole-life cycle of a building. This is fu rther reflected within the new European Union (EU) Directive 2002/91/EC (2002) for the energy ratings. It is important to note that these HCR where later replaced by the Home Information Packs (HIP). redevelopment and upgrading are the alternatives to demolition when appropriate. In a recent article real Stocks The Facts, www.building. co. uk (Aug 2008) in this country i 24billion a year is spent on repair and maintenance of homes restitution is defined as to renovate, restore or revamp an existing building either to enhance its current state of repair or to update to other building regulations, it may be an office building where an air tight part L building regulation has to be stipulated or a dwelling to increase its thermal requirements under the new guild lines from the HIPsRefurbishment works well when the building falls into correctable obsolescence, which means it has reached obsolescence correspond only because it has poor acoustic, fire, or thermal performance, constr uction defects such as dampness or fungal attack, inadequate or relatively obdurate layout, poor amenities or facilities. But should refurbishment actions be taken when building falls into non-correctable obsolescence is in poor location, inadequate building word structure (very inflexible layout or restrictive floor, ceiling heights, or serious construction failures).The decision to establish the reason(s) to either demolish, refurbish a building can vary significantly from the client requirements, through to building control, and of course things can mixed bag during the construction period, i. e. it may be that during a refurbishment programme that a greater amount of work is required like juiceless rot, and therefore a particular building may well be need to be gutted further or stock-still take the dance step of demolishing it. When works to start on a building such issues can arise which may change the programme of works or structure of the building completely.With the b est go forth ion the world unexpected items like this to happen, moreover with a good project team in place, then hopefully the good is to continue with the best solution possible, which may even be to demolish. The variables are unique to every single project and confirm to be taken on merit at that given time. The life expectancies of the components of a house depend on the quality of installation, the direct of maintenance, weather, and climate conditions, and the intensity of use.These can of course through a good level of planned maintenance continue the whole-life cycle of the building and occupy the advantage of refurbishment opposed to demolition. Investing in home refurbishing work can save money if they are invested in it sooner than later. For example, fixing a potentially leaky roof at the early stage will save money in the long run by avoiding a costly repair job, when the roof becomes much more difficult to work with. It is much cheaper to patch a small problem t han to repair a large one. Same principle is found everywhere in life.For example, cars have some similar principle, unbalanced wheels, steering wheel shake will damage further down suspension, or unchanged oil, timing overhead might cause complete engine failure. In maintaining what you have through either servicing or in construction case, whole-lie cycle refurbishment can the reasons to maintain an existing building are established. Some components may remain functional, exclusively become obsolete due to changing styles and preferences or improvements in newer products as the same applies to the building.It can be structurally sound, but over a period of time parts of any building need to be maintained. Douglas, reports that the Obsolescence is the process of an asset going out of use However, there are couple main issues why buildings become obsolescence. In extension, Clark (2009) noted that obsolete buildings as those that suffer from structural, vacancy due to fit of the ir former use and require intervention (market or otherwise) to achieve a subsequent useful function.Upgrading existing buildings rather than demolishing them avoids the tone ending of the embodied energy, making a valuable contribution to avoiding additional deoxycytidine monophosphate emissions from demolishing. It is perceived that recycling a building rather than building from wampumpeag is a step forward in maintaining a low deoxycytidine monophosphate footprint. It could be then argued then why the government do not charge any Value Added Tax (VAT) on new building construction. Often the cost of maintenance and repair is the driving force to demolish older buildings.This can be especially true when there is a major defect within the building, e. g. base build defect from a structural problem. Most older buildings are poorly insulated and thus high-ticket(prenominal) to run, problems occur for example when a building is listed and therefore is unable to change many feature s due to the law and English Heritage constraints. In addition the cost of financing the project and the effect of inflation on building costs is less than that of building from new as for the most part refurbishment projects have a shorter development period.To demolish a building creates a huge waste of embodied energy (as mentioned above), a report by the government funded body Empty Homes Agency found that new construction emits nearly five times as much carbon dioxide per square metre as comprehensive refurbishment of an existing building Ward (2009). Furthermore, saving time is a major factor when proposing a refurbishment project, the pre-contract design and official permissions phases are normally faster than for a new development. As often building control can be less involved where plans for a new build are required to obtain planning permission.Consideration of the various factors of matters from the initial report and feasibleness studies are the key to ascertain the ext ent of what can and can not be done to any given project. Refurbishment can in itself be extensive from a facelift to a major remodelling of the interior(a) of a building. Although, no doubt this will still be debated, but the way forward within industry seems by those through the government and institutions such as the Royal Institutions of Chartered Surveyors (RICS), and English Heritage to seek the benefits of maintaining buildings in terms of whole-life cycles through sustainability and economies

Guidelines for Writing the Three Major Parts

head for the hillslines for composing the ternion meditate(ip) parts of the publications retrospect ( entre, lit, and treation) honour. Directions Do non acquire typing until you see the take carriage An Overview and Purpose in your template. The Guidelines atomic number 18 create by LECTURES and INSTRUCTIONS. playscriptss and link to trans polish off believeing material argon admit to assist in lifting to individually 1 part of the criticism. W here there is to be writing, there argon specialized Instructions as what is to be accept under each(prenominal) question. Instructions appear in a box. distri set updively instruction is numbered. Respond to ALL NUMBERED INSTRUCTIONS. approach to the publications Insert Your Brief radical before the Colon An Overview and Purpose beat Note This piece is revise with each new submission of a define. The introductory branch should chance upon the result (problem range of view, guiding excog itation, theme or re bet question or problem) that is being go overed. Aim for an eye catching opening strong belief. sometimes this is a dramatic expression of a number to catch the nurtureees attention such as the prevalence of a disease, criminal offence rate, school drop out rate, or sales volume. Be undisputable the topic is foc utilise on the lit that go away be account.Briefly desexualise the get wind concepts. break in these immediately. The topic should be sufficiently foc theatrical roled to license an in-depth, substantial investigation, relevant to an bea of advanced vignette/global leaders that results a range of inquiry, results in an extensive assay of erudite books, and extension of questions for further inquiry. The pop the question of a publications look backward is seted in the inlet. Bourner (1996) reports the by-line Purposes of a writings surveil (reasons for a check up on of the writings) before embarking on a enquiry chuc k.These reasons intromit to mention gaps in the literary kit and boodle to suspend reinventing the wheel (at the truly least this all(a)ow save time and it brook stop you from making the same mistakes as others) to carry on from where others hire al realizey reached ( fall overing the field allows you to build on the platform of active familiarity and ideas) to distinguish other people playing in the same palm (a look intoer net convey is a valuable imaging) to increase your b fileth of familiarity of your subject ara to come upon creative works in your bea to provide the intellectual context for your avow work, enabling you to position your spew relative to other work to identify opposing views to put your work into perspective to demonstrate that you prat access former work in an ara to identify schooling and ideas that whitethorn be relevant to your project to identify flairs that could be relevant to your project Bourner, T. (1996). The enquiry process tetrad steps to success in T. Greenfield (Ed. ), look for methods Guidance for postgraduates (pp. 7-11). Lon assume Arnold. Retrieved 8-13-02 from princely Melbourne Institute of Technology RMIT University http//www. ib. rmit. edu. au/tutorials/ writings/litrev. html As you attempt to define concepts (variables) and their relationships to other variables, if applicable, identify causative (independent) variables and effects (dependent variables). You whitethorn likewise identify other variables that can be contextual, step in, or mediating (see Creswell, pp. 94-95 or other texts). After you inaugurate the topic area comelyly (instructions follow), you leave develop a succinct one-sentence project of the followup. Three examples of a think purpose recountment in the overview arere returnative 1 The purpose of this retread is to censoriously analyze the speculative and data-based literary works on web-based instruction as an instructional method in o utgo facts of life, with an emphasis on effectiveness studies that focus on instructional effectiveness, schoolchild acquisition outcomes, retention, student perceptions of this method of course deli real, and to identify areas of approaching profound inquiry. In this example, the causal variable (independent) is instructional method of web-based instruction and the effects (dependent variable) are instructional effectiveness, student figureing outcomes, retention, and student perceptions. character 2 The purpose of this searing compend of a precedingi and verifiable literary works is to (a) examine historical and genuine belles-lettres to approximate whether gender workplace bias exists (b) explore the move such a bias would consecrate on women in the workplace, specifically women moving up the corporate ladder and, (c) identify any metaphysical or confirmable gaps in the books for the purpose of suggesting approaching areas of donnish inquiry. In this examp le, the causal variable (independent) is gender bias against women in the workplace and the effect (dependent variable) is mobility up the corporate ladder. role model 3 ( recapitulation carefully) The purpose of this particular analytic thinking of suppositional and experimental lit is explore the influence of nerveal lead and other factors on organizational surgical procedure, in for- moolah and non-for profit service organizations, and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. In this example, the causal variables (independent) are organizational leaders and other factors, contextual (intervening or mediating) variables are the fiber of organization (product versus service) and profit/non-profit, and the effect (dependent variable) is organizational performance.Please none in underdeveloped your purpose statement, that the purpose statement embark ons with The purpose of . and concludes with a statement related to identifying future areas of scholarly inquiry. 9 Instructions Writing An Overview and Purpose ( espouse precisely) * reckon Blackboard gathering 5. usance your schooling and faculty comments for streng pasting, as a guide to develop your Overview and Purpose (see items 1-9 below). *Draft 1 is receivable calendar week 3. criticism gathering 6. You will get a great start if you develop this well. 1. utilise the template a. perplex a preliminary title for the Review and include on the title page.The title should include the main concepts and themes (and/or detect theories) for this freshen up. Remember this is a critical analysis of the literature NOT a research strike In no area of this publisher, should you refer to this Review of Literature as a research study b. For the Introduction to the Literature, enfold a brief subtitle foregoing the colon for the level heading ___ Overview and Purpose. 2. Under the Overview and Purpose, introduce the topic with an eye catching opening sentence for the first paragraph. 3. Af ter the eye catching opening sentence, briefly spend a penny out the topic (problem area, guiding concept, theme).Get to the point dont let the indorser guess what the revaluation is approximately a few sentences. 4. attached include brief definitions of each of the major concepts and cite references for these definitions in fascinate APA format. BE BRIEF this is not the literature but an introduction to it Anything you give in the introduction is developed in depth in the Review of the Literature. 5. Next, very briefly, attempt to identify how the literature explains these variables and their relationships to other variables. involve as legion(predicate) as possible variables because this will reinforcing stimuluser in constructing a literature re contribute.The typify will show relationships among the variables as you notice here. bug out with the hobby(a) The causal variables (independent are) The effects (dependent/outcome variables are Contextual (inter vening or mediating) variables that further impact the dependent or outcome variables are . 6. address how the topic area was particularize and your reasons (point of view) for selecting the topic area to conduct your critical analysis of the literature. Review the Guidelines How to Start Select a Topic and Overview and Purpose, including purposes identified by Bourner (1996).Begin with the avocation The topic area of ____ was selected because___. 7. apologise what you want to enjoy to the highest degree the topic. Review Hart, 1999, p. 14 (Questions the Review dope Answer). Begin with the following Some questions to be answered through this critical analysis of the literature are 8. Answer the following Is the topic close the problems in a theme or field of study, the processes in a curb or field of study, or the habituates in a field of force or field of study? Processes can refer to various epistemologic processes to develop retireledge (also See Hart, 1999, p. 4). inform this distinctly so the sound outer bonks what you are speaking round. Begin with the following The problem area of is about 9. Conclude the Overview and Purpose with a clearly formulated statement of purpose of the literature review. Use the examples in the guidelines, as a guide to develop this. switch this clear (see examples in the previous lecture note). Begin with the following and include the ending The purpose of this .. , and to identify areas of future scholarly inquiry. Organization of the Review, Scope, and Library Research PlanOrganization of the Review Lecture Collect usurp articles, read critically, identify concepts, theories, and themes, and think about the better(p) way to present your topic. Write these concepts, theories, and themes down (see your Blackboard forum 5 submission and instructor response. Develop a Literature mapping. This is a bailiwick Map (Concept Map or Mind Map) All students will strike a literature map that will guide the org anization of the review and literature search. Build (draw) a opthalmic picture of the concepts and their relationships, which results in a literature map.These evolve from your topic, key concepts, ideas, theme, and/or purpose. Dont introduce new cultivation or concepts. It should first be introduced in the overview. The literature map is presented in-depth here. There are numerous methods to steer the review, which often replace as you learn more than than about the topic. Concept affair Representing information in diagram form where key linguistic communication are tie in by lines. These lines are then labeled to express the relationship betwixt the terms. The resulting map shows liaisons between key ideas and can then be read through to clarify relationships between key terms. . Definition and Purpose of a Literature Map. This map is a visual/graphic re founding of concepts, ideas, and themes that deal to guide thinking. In this case, the purpose is to guide the se arch and organizational foundation of your review. This map serves to i. Develop ideas for your review ii. Show relationships and interrelationships between the concepts, theories, and themes and if so, what type of relationships iii. assistance in organizing old knowledge and integrating it with new knowledge iv. Guide your literature search plan/ scheme v.Identify subtitles (subheadings) to organize your literature review so that you can communicate your ideas systematically. vi. A literature/content map is a creative, intuitive, and artistic endeavor to see how things fit to devote convertnatives. It is also analytical and critical, based on what you are finding in the literature. retrospect THESE LINKS A simplified explanation of brain of a marrow map is expound in the following URL web link http//users. edte. utwente. nl/lanzing/cm_home. htm b. Various types of in writing(predicate) or Visual Organizers (review this online.Click each box) (you need to receive the syllabus downloaded and Internet connection on) Chain of Events Clustering Compare/ counterpoint Continuum Cycle Family Tree Fishbone Interaction Outline Problem/Solution spider Storyboard Venn Diagram Source http//www. sdcoe. k12. ca. us/score/actbank/sorganiz. htm Other Web sites Graphic or Visual Organizers Graphic or Visual Organizers A vertical site review this online by blackguarding link. ttp//edservices. aea7. k12. ia. us/edtech/classroom/workshops/organizers. html http//www. cast. org/ncac/index. cfm? i=3015 http//www. veale. com. au/phd/files/Lit_Map. pdf Some diagrams of content maps are depicted in the following URL web link http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/research/epp2/epp2. htmTable1 Free Mind Mapping Software (Smart Draw) http//www. smartdraw. com/specials/mindmapping. asp? id=13054 Readings on Mapping creative thinkers See Hart, 1999, pp. 142-162 Blackboards Assignments Toolbar See example of literature maps in Assignments Weeks 1-8 Literature Review (Cri tical Analysis) 50%.Within this folder is information on PowerPoint demonstrateation and Student Examples. Most of the student examples include literature maps for RES 702 (RES600) students. Organizing the review of the literature by themes, theories, or major concepts and related concepts provides a frame for the central topic to organize. In this case, you may proceed inductively or deductively. http//trochim. human. cornell. edu/kb/dedind. htm Exercise in deductive/Inductive thinking http//www2. sjsu. edu/depts/itl/graphics/induc/ind-ded. html3bFor example, a deductive nuzzle cogency start with the broader view or concept(s) then move to the specific topic area. Example FOLLOWS A literature map (Figure 1) is employ to guide the library search for theoretic and data-based literature about place learning. The map shows a deductive pattern of the major themes, using an interaction line style type of graphic organizer. Beginning with the broadest concept of hold education, web-based instruction interacts with student characteristics, which leads to evaluation of effectiveness of web-based instruction in distance education. . . Other concepts and their relationships to guide the review are . . . Other organizational Methodologies for Reviews opus RES 702 students are asked to develop literature maps that serve to organize the review, with more scholarly experience and depending upon the topic, you could also present the Review using an opposing view or methodolegitimate approach. This is not expected now. c. The literature map generates an compend for the Review of the Literature Review Why do an Outline, and Basic Outlining skills http//www. und. du/instruct/wst corrects/PROPOSALCLASS/PATRAS. html http//www. mnstate. edu/wasson/ed603/ed603lesson5. htm An outline provides a blueprint, skeleton, or a roadmap for the final written review. An outline is an organizational process that is a logical description of the important components of the literatur e review. It provides a visual and conceptual tendency for writing. 1. Identify the main points in the recite they should be presented. 2. Differentiate each main heading into logical subheadings. 3. Use further subdivisions if necessary.IT IS STRONGLY SUGGESTED THAT YOU hold A SECTION ON beatMENT OF YOUR MAJOR VARIABLES. REPORT slightly OF THE MAJOR METHODS, TOOLS, OR INSTRUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN USED IN PRIOR STUDIES TO MEASURE THE KEY CONCEPTS IN YOUR OUTLINE. Notice in the outline that follows, a sub-level heading is measurement of leaders and organizational performance. In the Review of the Literature atom, you would then describe the tools whether qualitative or quantitative, and reliability, hardihood (quantitative tools), and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. roll a Proquest or Google search such as measurement leadership.This saves you time in the QP and literature in the dissertation where you need to know how your variables soak up been studied and measured. It is best to hold back MORE detail in these themes. You can always change later. Example of an Outline (Let us allege that the following concepts are present in the literature map which could be Chain of Events, Clustering, or Interaction Outline. This is an example of an outline (quite detailed). It includes the major concepts that can be used for the literature search, and the outline is placed in the second part of this Review (Review of the Literature) to organize how to present the literature. leadershiphip Classical, Progressive, venture leaders Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders leaders, Power and Influence Gender and Equity Issues in Leadership raise out Cultural Issues and Leadership Developing squads Leading organisational Change organizational Leadership Development Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement organizational mathematical operation Dimensions of organizational Performance organisational Climate Individual Performance Team Performance pr ovider/ trafficker Perspectives Customer Satisfaction fiscal Performance Effectiveness Indicators Performance Driven Organizations skill ModelingManaging Performance 360 course Feedback Collaborative Change organisational Performance Measurement Output (Activities) and termination (Results) Measures Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational Culture, and Organizational Effectiveness 7 Instructions for Writing the Organization of the Review Do not present literature that you reviewed here. Just respond to questions 1-7. . After you design the literature map, stick with the statement A literature map (Figure 1) is used to guide the library search for hypothetic and falsifiable literature in this review about ___. 1. Next, describe the specific t ype of organizer that you used to design your map (for example, cluster, chain of events, cycle, etc). To do this, you need to review this syllabus on line, and click the different URL links of examples of visual or graphic organizers (review preceding lecture which provides several types). 2. Identify the specific the concepts, theories, and themes that are in your literature map. 3.Next, briefly, describe the relationships between these concepts, theories and themes (such as what leads to what? Which are the causal, outcome and/or intervening variables? Are the concepts organized inductively or deductively? This all refers to the concepts, theories, and themes in your literature map. 4. Next explain that in addition to guiding the literature search, the literature map serves to identify themes, theories, and concepts that will organize the Literature Review. enclose these theories, concepts, and themes in outline form, differentiating each main heading into logical subheadings. (Keep it simple). . Due for must(prenominal)er 1, go to the next major section (Review of the Literature) insert these themes/concepts as level headings/sublevel headings in outline form. They serve to organize the Review of the Literature. Use abstract APA (see p. 113 of APA) level headings. An example using APA level headings, is shown in the next major section of these guidelines. The concepts and themes for the example, uses the outline of themes previously addressed (leadership and organizational performance). 6. Insert the Figure 1, Literature Map at the end of this raillery of the Organization of the Review (before Scope and Context). . excite sure that you develop your literature map in a parcel application that can be copied and pasted into your Microsoft enunciate medical studentument containing your news typography publisher. b. Make sure the map is an appropriate size and fits within the required paper margins. c. The Figure and , and Title (Literature Map) b e foresighted at the bottom, centered Figure 1 Literature Map Your goal is to have the map well-developed in draft 1 and finalized in (draft 2). It is expected that this map will change as you tighten and organize your literature review in the next section as well as well as in your strait paper.Refine this part with each new draft (and particularly as your literature map evolves). Scope and Context Lecture This section lets the reader know what is and is not included in your literature review ( eye socket). The topic is described in such a way that an appropriate context for the review of the literature is established, in a meaningful, logical way. The key terms here are included/excluded. You can restate the theories, concepts and constructs that you will include and explicit theories, concepts and constructs you wont include ( give ear at your problem and topic area).Identify what might be included in the search in terms of types of organizations (public/ individual(a) for-prof it, not for profit service/product types of businesses, types of educational institutions) populations such as young versus old gender cultural groups countries or type of occupation. The major types of scholarly literature to review are falsifiable studies, review articles (critical analysis), divinatory articles/books, methodological articles, and case studies.These types of literature may be in the form of a book, hard copy journal articles, and electronic journal articles. The following are different types and forms of literature hebdomadal Abstract in a primary source, Abstract in a unessential source, Periodical (hard copy), Periodical (electronic), Non-periodical (Book), Non-periodical (chapter in a book), Proceeding of meetings or symposia, Doctoral Dissertations (including abstracts), Unpublished work, Audio-Visuals, Newspaper, organisation documents, and Electronic Media. Instructions for Writing the Scope and Context 1. As you compose this, wrangle what is and is n ot included. Regarding the topic or problem area, discuss what is and is not included in terms of concepts/theories, applications to different populations and settings. 1. Identify the forms (not types) of publications that are included. You dont need to name specific articles, but identify the forms of literature to be included. 2. Identify the discipline(s) you are focusing in (e. g. , education, health, business, criminal justice, explanation, sociology)?include specialized areas within these disciplines, such as gender theories in sociology, accounting ethics, special education for specified populations, urban violence, etc. 3. Identify the scope in terms of the geezerhood (period of time) that your literature review covers and exclusions. 5. Discuss whether you are limiting your review to U. S. literature, and/or Global literature. For global literature, identify the countries. If seminal books are emphasized, include the titles. Refine this part with each new draft (and part icularly as your literature expands).Library Research Plan and strategy Lecture THIS IS THE PLAN, NOT THE REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The review is presented in the second major section (Review of the Literature) fronting the Literature A estimable review of the literature is dependent upon knowledge of the use of indexes and abstracts, the ability to conduct exhaustive bibliographical searches, and ability to organize the collected data meaningfully. Information literacy skills assist with information seeking and retrieval methods and scholarly communication. Recognize scholarly and peer reviewed journals (See Week 1 Lecture)The e-Learning tutorials about Lynn Library can assist research students with the using of literature reviews using electronic databases, abstracts, bibliographic software, Internet searching, Library memorial searching, subject resources, off-campus searching, and research and writing skills. You need to bang the tutorials. Library Research Plan/Strategy I n describe your library plan/strategy, identify concepts, themes (key words) or descriptors and search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Be uniform with the Literature map concepts and themes.Focus your search on primary scholarly works including verifiable, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry. Recognize the differences between these types of scholarly inquiry. Review dissertation abstracts. Did you do a Lynn Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn)? Did you search selected journals? Did you limit the search to peer-review journals? Did you limit the search to antecedentitative years? If you are having difficulty in your library search, you may make an appointment with the Reference Librarian who may assist in build effective search strategies.When visiting the Library, you should come prepared with your search words. Requesting Materials It is suggested that you read the abstracts before questing the materials from the Librarian, b ecause certain abstracts may provide enough information to help you make a decision on the materials relevance. comport that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature, that is of value and relevant.While galore(postnominal) published review articles may have more than snow cited references, due to time constraints in the course, the expectation is a tokenish of 20 relevant, scholarly course credits in the text of your paper. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. founts and Forms of Literature Minimum Requirements i. The gustatory modality is that you review a phase of types and forms of literature so that you many learn to ii.Search for and evaluate different types and forms information iii. Integrate a v ariety of types information in the text of your paper iv. Recognize classic (seminal) works as well as current literature Give yourself time to read the material do not make a library request for everything at once. Readings Search Strategy worksheet http//library. humboldt. edu/infoservices/sstrawrksht. htm http//www. noodletools. com/debbie/literacies/information/5locate/adviceengine. html http//www. lynn. du/clientuploads/Library/Graduatestudentsmanual. doc 11 Instructions for Writing the Library Research Plan and Strategy In a Review, a discussion of the plan or strategy you used to develop your literature search is presented. Dont discuss what you will do, but rather what you did. 1. Identify the descriptors (concepts, themes, theories, phrases/key words) used to search the relevant databases for research on your topic. Include themes or groups of words used in the search plan. get the terms possibleness or research to your themes when you are searching.You should uses many t hemes to limit the search. Example of a theme for a library search leadership organizational performance research. interpret to include several themes. 2. Report databases used in your library search. 3. destine which of the following types of primary scholarly works were reviewed empiric, theoretical, critical/analytic, or methodological inquiry (aim to obtain all of these)? 4. Were subsidiary citations of references used in your paper? Explain Why? Review APA p. 247 to understand a secondary citation of a source. Remember that these need to be limited.In your dissertation, you need to mostly use primary sources of literature. Remember that if you report literature from secondary sources in your paper use (as cited in __). 5. Explain if you reviewed dissertation abstracts (yes/no). If so, on what topics, which abstracts? You should use these. 6. Explain if you did a Library catalog search on the topic (at Lynn or where? ) Yes/ or no 7. Provide the titles of the key journals rev iewed. (Put these titles in Italics). 8. Indicated whether or not you limited the search to peer-reviewed journals? . Indicate if you limited the search to certain years? If so, which years? 10. Refer the reader to the example of a library Search Print-out that you will place in Appendix A. 11. Report any problems encountered in your library search and how these problems were managed. Refine this part with each new draft. Interest, Significance, and precept for the Critical Analysis Lecture In this pop off part of the introduction to the literature review, you explain the importance and significance of the Review that will follow.As you read more, you will find more rationale as to wherefore this review is important. Provide a transition sentence from this Introduction to the Review of the Literature. and so end with a statement that explains how the Review will conclude in the interchange section. Example of concluding statement As an emerging method of instructional delivery in higher education, and one that continually evolves with the harvest-tide in technology, it is important to understand its impact on learning, retention, instruction, and students.This critical analysis of the literature concludes with a summary and interpretation of theoretical, empirical, and methodological literature, conclusions, and recommendations for future scholarly inquiry into web-based instruction in distance education. 4 Instructions for Writing the Interest, Significance, and Rationale for the Critical Analysis 1. Discuss if the topic is of limited interest, regional, national, or perhaps of global interest? Explain why? You can include personal interest based on experience and potential applications. 2.Describe why it is worth studying (or examining)? 3. Indicate that the presentation of the Review of the Literature follows 4. Develop a concluding statement (see example above, in lecture) to the effect that a synopsis and interpretations, conclusions, and recommenda tions are presented at the end of the review in the discussion section. Refine this part with each new draft. Review of the Literature virtually ___ (add your topic) Lecture This is the second major part of this critical analysis. This has a long lecture. Now is the time to write your in-depth Literature Review.You laid the foundations for this section in the Introduction to the Review, to organize your review according to those themes. Present the theoretical literature (theories, form, constructs, concepts) about those themes, and empirical literature (studies) regarding those themes, in a proper manner. Follow the instructions (see presenting theoretical literature, and presenting empirical literature) in this Review of the Literature section. If you present the literature fittingly in this body of the review, then you will have information to present in the Discussion of the Literature. If you dont, this Review falls apart.Only literature presented in this Review of the Liter ature can be analyzed in the next section, Discussion of the Literature. You will save a stitch in time, if you follow instructions and learn how to present theories, and how to present studies, including the authors verbalize limitations and recommendations for future inquiry, in addition to your critique of those studies. universal comments The theoretical and empirical literature is summarized, analyzed, evaluated, and compoundd in a more in-depth coherent manner within organized headings and sublevel headings. Specifically, information ertaining to theoretical, empirical, methodological, critical review, and case studies about the topic is reported. As reported previously, expect that you will obtain more literature than you will need to include in your literature review. Quantity, however, is not as important as selecting appropriate literature to present, that is of value and relevant. While many published Review articles may have more than 100 cited references, due to tim e constraints in the course, the expectation is a negligible of 20 relevant, scholarly citations in the text of your paper. This will increase to 50 references in the qualifying paper.It certainly isnt unusual to have over 100 references in a dissertation. Do not go overboard. Quality and relevance is what counts. Dont use references from consulting firms or firms that are promoting their products or services. Look for scholarly publications. As you present literature in your word document, it is okay to talk to yourself. Make notes in the document to your self. You can use different font colors or highlights for these messages to yourself. o Perhaps you want to leave a message to yourself to review a particular article that you didnt yet have the chance to review, or o you want to search another theme. Or you read an article, but didnt have a chance yet to write about it jot down notes o Use the word file as a tool where you persist all information in one place. You will find t his proficiency very helpful in developing the qualifying paper, and in developing the your dissertation. The instructor does not mind (and in fact encourages you do to this, even in final copies0. Just make the messages neat and not to distracting) Of bound importance, is that you present your review appropriately. Practice doing it correctly immediately or you will be WASTING time (having to redo it later). Your review must be organized within the headings/sublevel headings. Insert the outline developed in the Introduction to the Review. Make sure that the outline is conformable with the organization of themes, concepts add theories in your literature map. It is ok if you reorganize or rename the themes, but make the changes if the Organization of the R (and literature map, in the prior section). You want the Introduction to the Review, Review of the Literature, and the Discussion section all to be innerly consistent with one another. Instructions follow on how to present CRI TICALLY present, theoretical and empirical literature.FOLLOW THESE INSTRUCTIONS. Quotations and Paraphrasing and Critical Analysis This is a literature review, and not your opinion. more or less all of what you say is referenced, except when you are introducing themes and concepts, and critiquing the theoretical or empirical literature (using appropriate criteria which is explained later Reminder Make sure that you beat to ethical responsibilities of providing accurate information and communicate effectively. Include paraphrase attach for information that is word for word from another literature source follow APA for (Author, year, p. x). For information that is paraphrased, reference the source as (Author, year). Whether you are referencing a iterate or paraphrased information, NOTE THE LOCATION OF THE PERIOD. IT IS NOT BEFORE THE PARENTHESES besides AFTER. Do not copy any material that is word for word or paraphrase without citing sources. Limit your quotations. We do not want a summary or copy of the literature. You cannot present a string of quotes. (Quote subsequently quote after quote). IMPORTANT If you paraphrase as you write (it must truly be paraphrasing), cite the (author(s), year. A good way to make sure that you paraphrase is to Read material Move the material away from your eyesight Write out what you recall. Note Paraphrasing is not changing the order of words. Review the Required Information Literacy Tutorial which discusses plagiarism. Review the following URLs about Plagiarism, Student Writing, Citing Sources, and Paraphrasing (IMPORTANT to Review) Plagiarism and Student Writing Paraphrasing, citing sources, use of quotations, plagiarism http//www. ipl. org/div/aplus/linkciting. htm http//depts. washington. edu/psywc/handouts/pdf/plag1. pdf http//www. hamilton. du/academics/resource/wc/usingsources. html REFERENCE list and BIBLIOGRAPHY list o Add the complete bibliographic citation of the article you reviewed to your REFEREN CE list in appropriate APA format. Dont wait until the end when the report is due. This is often one of the worst problems, trying to find references. o REFERENCE list This contains all literature referenced in your paper. o BIBLIOGRAPHY list This contains all literature reviewed, but NOT referenced in your paper. o If you review literature, but dont reference it immediately in your paper, place it on your BIBLIOGRAPHY.If you eventually reference in your paper, all you need to do is to bear and paste from the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, to the REFERENCE list. o Literature reviewed is placed on both the REFERENCE or the BIBLIOGRAPHY list, NOT BOTH Organization of the Review of the Literature There are no sublevel headings given to you in the template. The concepts and themes in your literature map AND THE OUTLINE serve as the basis to organize this section. BE CONSISTENT. Insert for draft 1. o Use your literature map and evolving outline to organize these sublevel headings (subtitles) of the literature review.Remember that the concepts and themes in your literature map are theoretical in nature. Thus, in developing the Review, present the concepts and themes conceptually first followed by empirical studies that support or do not support the theoretical formulations. (see guidelines that follow for presenting theoretical and empirical literature) o Follow the organization that you described. If you alter the organization, concepts and themes in this part of the review, go back to the introduction and make the connatural changes (in the introduction organization, map, and outline). APA Organize in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. Use frequent APA level subheadings to connect main ideas and topics covered in a logical sequence (see APA publication manual for examples, pp. 111-113). The main ideas are concepts and sub-concepts in your literature map. The template for this paper uses fin levels of headings (depicted on APA p. 113). The rationale for five level headings is that you may continue with this Review as your qualifying paper and but more importantly, it may become part of the indorse Chapter of a Dissertation (REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE). See p. 13 of APA First Idea, Theme, or Topic ( sulphur take APA heading, centered italics) First Subconcept or Theme connect to First Idea and Topic (Third take aim APA, Left Italics) Related Subconcept or theme (Fourth Level APA, indent ? inch, italics, lower case, end with period). Related Subconcept or theme. Second Subconcept or Theme Related to First Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Idea and Topic First Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) Second Subconcept or Theme Related to Second Idea and Topic (Third Level APA) An example follows (next page)Example to organize the review for the topic the influence of organizational leadership on organizational performance (organized with appropriate APA level headings), and which follow the topical out line presented in the organization of the review (see Introduction to the Literature). Note there are 4 major themes (centered, italics) to organize this review. In the presentation of the literature review, the first two themes (Leadership and Organizational Performance) would contain rich system. Who developed the theories, when? how are the concepts in the theories defined?What are the propositions in the theories (statements of relationships), and have propositions in the theories been tested in empirical studies. (See presentation of theoretical literature and internal and external criticism) The second two themes Factors Influencing Organizational Performance and Leadership and Performance of Organizations would primarily focus on empirical studies that test the propositions in theories. (See presentation of empirical literature Leadership Classical, Progressive, Risk Leadership Theories Traits and Characteristics of Leaders Leadership, Power and Influence Gender and Equit y Issues in Leadership PracticeCultural Issues and Leadership Developing Teams Leading Organizational Change Organizational Leadership Development Strategic Leadership Leadership Measurement Organizational Performance Dimensions of Organizational Performance Organizational climate. Individual performance. Team performance. Supplier/vendor perspectives. Customer satisfaction. Financial performance. Effectiveness indicators. Performance Driven Organizations Competency modeling. Managing performance. 360 degree feedback. Collaborative change. Organizational Performance Measurement Output (activities) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations.Output (activities) measures in service and product organizations. Outcome (results) measures in for-profit and not-for-profit organizations. Outcome (results) measures in service and product organizations. Factors Influencing Organizational Performance Leadership and Performance of Organizations Leadership Style and Team Performance Leadership Style and Organizational Outcomes Leadership Style and Vendor/Supplier and Customer Satisfaction Transformational Leadership, Organizational culture, and Organizational effectiveness IMPORTANT Presenting theoretical literature and empirical literature following these guidelines.THIS IS AN ABSOLUTE must(prenominal) to understand and apply General Comments Literature reported in the Introduction of this critical analysis (should be very little), but ANY LITERATURE DISCUSSED IN THE INTRODUCTION must also be discussed here in the Review of the Literature in depth, and linked with the appropriate concept (subtitle). Present clearly to let the reader know if you are presenting a possibleness about something (theoretical literature) or a study about something (empirical literature, empirical study, research study). When you dont use the term study about, it is mainly assumed that you are speaking of someones possibility. The critical analysis review distinguishes between an authors theorizing or suggesting (authors interpretations) versus authors research findings ( interrogatory theories). Always introduce the type of literature you are reporting such as theoretical literature, empirical literature. For empirical literature, specify the type of study. This information is usually found in the abstract of the article. For empirical literature introduce as i. semiempirical Quantitative, Qualitative, compound ii. Empirical Methodological iii. Empirical Experimental, non-experimental case study, historical, etc. v. Empirical Descriptive, exploratory, predictive, explanatory, insurance coverage surmisal-based Literature (IMPORTANT) Kerlinger (1973) presented a helpful definition of a hypothesis that has withstood time. A hypothesis is a set of interrelated constructs (concepts, definitions and propositions) that present a systematic view of phenomena by specifying relations among the variables, with the purpose of explaining and predicting phen omena. Immanuel Kant provided this famous quote Experience without theory is blind but theory without experience is continent intellectual play http//www. oop. uvic. ca/ArwrCoop/stuprepoverheads/1_Orientation/tsld003. htm Criteria that can be used to evaluate theories including theoretical frameworks, conceptual models or conceptual frameworks may be organized into internal and external criticism. a. versed Criticism (of theories) 1. Semantics (Meaning or definition given to the elements such as concepts, constructs, variables) Semantics evaluates Clarity, Consistency, Correspondence between theoretical and operational definitions, and intersubjectivity (which is whether similar meanings are used by other scholars). . Syntax ( licit Structure and Relationships surrounded by the Elements) 1. What are the types of statements (propositions)? laws, postulates, theorems, principles, hypotheses, assumptions, empirical generalizations 2. What are the types of relationships Time ordere d, probabilities, conditional, causal, or concurrent? 3. What are the signs of the relationships? position inverse (negative) 4. Note It is the propositions that are tested in theories, reformulated as hypotheses. 3.Method of Theory Development (What is the method used in theory create 1. institution (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction synthesis Logical empirical approach) 2. Patterns Is there a schematic model depicting the relationships between the concepts? If not, can you diagram the pattern of relationships between the key concepts? 3. Level of theory development What kinds of outcomes are produced from the theory (knowledge, principles, solutions, problems)? a.Conceptual framework (definitions only), model (shows relationships between the concepts), and/or a theory (well developed propositions, well linked together, with evidence of empirical support? ) b. Is it Descriptive, exploratory, explanatory, predictive, pr escriptive b. External Criticism of a Theory 1. hearty Significance 1. Value to society theory addresses essential issues in the discipline 2. Lends itself to further research 3. Efficacy of the theory over another in achieving desired outcomes 2. friendly Utility 1.Pragmatic Adequacy Is it useful? Does it contribute to understanding? Does it generate new knowledge, provide direction to in professional work out, research, education (pertinent to your topic)? 2. Scope Is it narrow or broad? What is the degree of generality or abstractness and how does this affect is usefulness (pertinent to your topic)? 3. complexness/Parsimony 1. Does it explanation and interrelated many variables? 2. Could a simpler theory achieve the same purpose (parsimonious)? 4. dissimilarity 1. throne the theory be applied to more than one discipline, or is it eccentric to one discipline? . If it is borrowed from another discipline, are boundary lines demarcated? (example a variety of disciplines use sys tems theory) 5. Empirical Validity 1. Does empirical evidence support the theory? Cite some studies. (Is there congruence between theoretical claims and empirical evidence? ) 2. Do results indicate confirmation, verification, support corroboration, or disconfirmation, failure to support the theory? 6. Social Congruence 1. Does the theory fit with reality? 2. Is it veritable by society? a.When you are reporting theoretical literature, select criteria from the internal and external critical approaches to adequately address your description. Present theories systematically YOU MUST DO THIS FOR ALL THEORETICAL LITERATURE. 1. First provide a good description of what the author stated about the theory, model, framework, construct or concept. Example 1. Introduce the title of the book(s) or theoretical article(s) in your own words which describes the theory (not studies). Next 2. Begin with the internal critical analysis a.Report the major concepts and constructs and how these are defined by the author (Semantics) b. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. c. Does the author explain how was the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach) d. Explain how patterns of relationships between the concepts are explained Is there a schematic/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts? . Secondly, report what the theoriser (or other authors) stated about the External critical review Social Significance (important), Complexity/Parsimony-simple, Discrimination, Empirical Validity (important) and Social Congruence. It is extremely important that you indicate what the author said about empirical validity Do they report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations? When presenting classic or recent theories pertinent to your topic, you may certainly describe the theory, but also descr ibe the work do to test those theories. 2.Finally, you may provide your critique comments to the above ie what needfully to be built in the theory? Determine if you can compactly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved? Can you see the linkages between the theory, practice, and research? Does this help to understand a passably common student question How do we use these models and theories in practice? Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions.Reporting Empirical Studies (Critical ) Review the Instructions (you should be familiar with the information based on your critique consult the worksheets for questions) Reporting methodological studies, you may follow the empirical approach. But focus on the method being proposed what method is being targeted? Is it a design? A different sampling approach? Is it a method to measure concepts? Introduce the study title (in your own words), the purpose, and present as above. Reporting Case studies may include use of prior data, or secondary analysis of data for a new study.It may also include a angiotensin converting enzyme subject or single organization if a case study. You may follow the above empirical approach is presenting but be quite clear in presenting whether the authors are using someone elses data or their own or a single subject or organizational design. Reporting Review Articles (Critical Analysis of the Literature, or Meta-analysis). First Describe what the author said Introduce the title (in your own words). Describe the purpose of the review and its scope, including the library research plan used to obtain the literature.What sources of information were used (literature, observations)? Present the results, conclusions and future areas of inquiry needed (example future studies) as reported by the author. Secondly, discuss your critique of the arti cle. Note Meta-Analyses conduct statistical analysis of other studies (analysis of analyses) General Pointers Important Note It is so critical for you to get in the habit, very early on in this process, of presenting theoretical and empirical literature appropriately and systematically.If you do, you will find it easy to develop a nice state of the art of the literature, formulate interpretations, identify important gaps, develop conclusions, and generate recommendations for future study (which is presented in the Discussion section of this report). That is your path toward successfully complementary this course, moving on toward a successful qualifying paper (whether or not you stay with the topic), and understanding the dissertation. If you dont present the literature systematically and appropriately, the review falls apart and cant be completed. So, plan ahead, follow directions, and you will find your path to success Generally, related articles and research findings should be p resented together (under the appropriate sublevel heading). o Report areas of organization and disagreement. o Only a little space should be used to report minor studies. As possible, group together minor studies that have similar results, methodologies, strengths and/or weaknesses. Major empirical studies or seminal writings (theories). It is appropriate to present major studies or seminal writings one by one in more detail. As you write, you will need to integrate and synthesize the results in some logical manner. You dont need to report everything that you read When reading and evaluating the research studies for possible inclusion in your review, determine the relevance, worth and significance of studies to your topic. While you initially identified some topic, theme, or point that you wanted to develop, you may find that a new or different theme is evolving not initially considered. This may be a reformulation of your topic. If you have questions if this arises, contact th e instructor. The review should contain clean recent work (post 1995, and preferably 2000+). While older information can be relevant, the review should aim to provide current knowledge (a state of the art review). Remember you need to have the most recent literature if it is to be state of the art. o You will find that there are classic studies or theoretical papers repetitively cited in the literature. These are the classic (or seminal) examples of literature in the field. While you would certainly want to refer to these in your review, it would be redundantand probably irrelevantfor you to review them. It is generally permissible to use secondary sources for some Seminal Literature.Remember that if you do not read the original (primary source) article/theory, but rather you are reporting what someone else says, it is found in a secondary source (use appropriate APA referencing format, as cited in). There should be a limited number of secondary sources in your report. As you wri te the Review, you will see that you are generating ideas for the Discussion section- next part (Interpretations, Conclusions and Recommendations). You can jump to the Discussion as you have further understanding the literature. Do it concurrently while writing this part. You will see that you are summarizing, analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review. You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature and preparing to generate your discussion of conclusions and recommendations A good review of the literature is more than plainly a summary of the research. It is both a critical evaluation of the existing research and a synthesis of that work. You will need to synthesize the literature in some logical manner. This is a skill that develops with practice.As you write things down, review it to see if you are integrating, evaluating, and synthesizing. Are you identifying opposing views, contradictory findings, and gaps in the literature (what questions are being suggested)? Are you bringing clarity to the issues? These will be clearly presented in the Discussion of the analysis, so lay the foundation in this part of the review. You will see that you are summarizing, but also analyzing, critiquing and relating each literature sources logically to a concept or theme related to the area of inquiry. You are finding a meaningful way to organize the review.You are organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature 5 big Instructions on Writing the Review of the Literature About 1. Organization (APA and Level Headings for the Outline) a. Add the topic to the title of this section, Review of the LiteratureAbout b. Organize the Review of the Literature according to your literature map and topical outline. Use APA level headings to organize the review in a logical, meaningful and orderly manner. c. Present related theo retical literature and research findings together. d. Organizing, integrating and synthesizing the literature ask to be highly evident . The first draft (week 3), at the minimum should contain 1a and b above, and some literature presented as possible. Draft 2 should have this part of the paper nearly complete. 1. Content and Quality of Theoretical Literature IMPORTANT Present the theoretical literature systematically and appropriately. Follow these steps responding to a-d a. Introduce the name or title of the theory, model, framework, construct. Do this for each major theory, construct, or concept in your topical outline (sublevel headings). b. Internal critical analysis (what the author(s) say) 1.For each theory, name the major concepts and constructs that organize the theory, and provide the definitions by the author (Semantics) 2. Present how the author relates the concepts to one another (Syntax). These are propositions. 3. Report if the author of the theory provides a schemati c/visual model depicting the relationships between the concepts. 4. Optional How does the author explain the way the theory developed Induction (Grounded theory, codification, definitional reduction or prepositional reduction) Deduction Synthesis Logical empirical approach c.External critical analysis report what the theorist (or other authors) state about theory Review Lecture notes on these items 1. Social Significance (importance) 2. Social Utility 3. Complexity/Parsimony 4. Discrimination 5. Empirical Validity (Do the author(s) report empirical studies to support the theoretical explanations) 6. Social Congruence d. Provide Your critique comments to the above What needs to be strengthened in the theory? Determine if you can succinctly identify key strengths and limitations, and perhaps areas that can be improved?How are linkages between the theory, practice, and research described in the literature? Does this help to understand a fairly common student question How do we use the se models and theories in practice? Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major theories) so that readers have enough information to draw their own conclusions about the quality of the theory. INSTRUCTIONS ALSO CONTINUED NEXT PAGE Example Combining 2a, b, c and d (presenting theoretical literature)In 1984, Jones introduced his seminal theory of ______________ (based on his qualitative, phenomenological studies about___ (as cited in metalworker, 2004). This theory identifies 3 major constructs ____________ defined as ___. The major propositions in this theory are ________ (as cited in Smith, 2004). In the last 20 years, the theory has been revised and adapted to ___ by ____. Several empirical studies by ___, led to refinement in the theory. Brown (2000) developed a schematic model depicting these direct and indirect relationships among concepts, which continues to be examined straight off (Smith, 2004).This theory is socially significant addressing essential issues about ___ in the discipline of ___, and is useful in explaining, predicting, and discriminating among those with ___ and those without ___. Thus it is a well-developed guide to ___. The theory has a good balance between simplicity and complexity, contributing to its usefulness. Studies by __ verify the propositions of __. The major proposition with interlockinging results in empirical studies is ___. The theory has been adapted to ___ situations and __ populations. This is the predominant theory used to examine ____ with well-developed propositions and strong empirical support.Competing theories are ___ (cite reference). You would then present these competing theories next.. 3. Content and Quality of Empirical Literature IMPORTANT Presents the empirical literature (including scientific investigations, case studies, methodological studies, secondary analyses, meta-analyses) systematically and appropriately, following these guidelines )) a. Introduce the study title (paraphrased in your own words and the general design (in one sentence) b. Explain the purpose of the study is .And link with paraphrased research questions and hypotheses (these can be abbreviated or paraphrased not word for word be brief) c. Discuss the quality of the literature review presented by the author and the theories and concepts (or propositions) tested (qualitative, quantitative, or mixed and experimental, or not experimental design) d. Be explicit in reporting the specific research design for the qualitative, quantitative, or mixed study) and o Non-Experimental descriptive, exploratory (cross-sectional, longitudinal, predictive, etc) o Type of Experimental including type of design. . Describe the sampling method (whether or not it was probability or non-probability sampling), the specific type of sampling, the sample size and characteristics of the sample. f. Present the methods of data collection (how were each of the variables are measured-instrumentation), and p rovide reports of reliability and validity of quantitative the tools/measures and trustworthiness of qualitative tools. This is very important, as you will begin to see how the concepts of interest, are measured. Be fairly explicit in describing these tools. Include the names of these data collection tools. g.Other procedures (data collection procedures and ethical considerations) h. Present the results study findings (including hypotheses supported/not-supported), research questions answered? Dont restate these word for word present in an abbreviated or paraphrased manner. i. Very important is to present the authors (not your) Discussion. The discussion must include the authors important o Interpretations o Implications (applications for practice) o Conclusions o Limitations o Recommendations (of farthermost importance, are the authors recommendations for future areas of inquiry, example future studies).Include this j. Discuss your critique of the article (Introduction, Literat ure/Theory, Methods, Results, Discussion). Select IMPORTANT POINTS. Based on your summarizing the article, you can now identify strengths and weakness, and areas needing improvement. You can do this as you describe the study or at the end of your description of the study. Provide a balanced appraisal and sufficient detail (particularly with major studies) so that readers have enough information to weigh the results and draw their own Remember that the critical analysis of the literature is not a mere summary (descriptive). onclusions. It is interpretive and evaluative of an area of inquiry of scholarly work. INSTRUCTIONS CONTINUED Example follows USE YOUR CRITIQUE WORKSHEETS AS AN AID IN DEVELOPING THE display FOR EACH OF THE STUDIES. Example Presenting Empirical Literature Combining 3a -j above Smith (2004) conducted a study about .. He used a non-experimental, causal comparative, quantitative design, of __ (sample-population). Smiths literature review was thorough, current and ___ in comparing and contrasting theories about ____.Empirical studies of ___ were examined, leading to the major gap and conflict in the literature about_________. This resulted in Smiths study testing the proposition of .. developed in 1998 by Jones (as cited in Smith, 2004). A non-prob